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Microorganisms
Volume 13
Issue 9
10.3390/microorganisms13092196
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Article

Metabarcoding Unveils Seasonal Soil Microbiota Shifts and Their Influence on Boletus edulis and Boletus reticulatus Mycelium in Quercus robur Stands

by
Serena Santolamazza-Carbone
*,
Laura Iglesias-Bernabé
,
Elena Benito-Rueda
,
Esther Barreal
and
Pedro Pablo Gallego
Applied Plant & Soil Biology, Plant Biology and Soil Science Department, Biology Faculty, University of Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2025, 13(9), 2196; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13092196
Submission received: 18 June 2025 / Revised: 15 August 2025 / Accepted: 10 September 2025 / Published: 19 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Fungi in Sustainable Agriculture, 2nd Edition)
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Abstract

Forest ecosystems undergo seasonal shifts in bacterial and fungal communities, but little is known about the specific microbiota associated with Quercus robur–Boletus edulis systems. This study represents the first examination of seasonal changes in soil microbiota in pedunculate oak habitats in Galicia (NW Spain) and their relationship with Boletus edulis and Boletus reticulatus mycelium prevalence and concentration. Soil microbiota richness, diversity, and composition, as well as seasonal variation in Boletus mycelium, were assessed using DNA metabarcoding and qPCR, respectively. Sampling was conducted in autumn at two 30–40-year-old Q. robur stands. Bacterial communities were dominated by Acidobacteria (34%) and Proteobacteria (33%), with Acidobacterium (12%), Paludibaculum (9%), and Edaphobacter (7%) identified as most abundant. Fungal communities were primarily Basidiomycota (93%), led by Russula (46%). For both bacteria and fungi, the highest OTU richness was observed in September, followed by a significant decrease in October and a partial recovery in November. Boletus species were found to exhibit positive correlations with specific bacteria (e.g., Massilia, Rhizobium) and fungi (e.g., Amanita, Clavaria, Inocybe, Scleroderma, Suillus and Mortierella), suggesting a potential influence of these microbes on mycelium development. This study provides novel insights into the seasonal dynamics of soil microbiota and their potential role in Boletus ecology, thereby advancing understanding of host–microbe interactions in temperate forests.
Keywords: extraradical mycelium; microbiota diversity; pedunculate oak; qPCR; seasonal dynamics; soil microbial communities; mycorrhizosphere; high-throughput sequencing analysis; fungus–bacteria interactions extraradical mycelium; microbiota diversity; pedunculate oak; qPCR; seasonal dynamics; soil microbial communities; mycorrhizosphere; high-throughput sequencing analysis; fungus–bacteria interactions

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MDPI and ACS Style

Santolamazza-Carbone, S.; Iglesias-Bernabé, L.; Benito-Rueda, E.; Barreal, E.; Gallego, P.P. Metabarcoding Unveils Seasonal Soil Microbiota Shifts and Their Influence on Boletus edulis and Boletus reticulatus Mycelium in Quercus robur Stands. Microorganisms 2025, 13, 2196. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13092196

AMA Style

Santolamazza-Carbone S, Iglesias-Bernabé L, Benito-Rueda E, Barreal E, Gallego PP. Metabarcoding Unveils Seasonal Soil Microbiota Shifts and Their Influence on Boletus edulis and Boletus reticulatus Mycelium in Quercus robur Stands. Microorganisms. 2025; 13(9):2196. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13092196

Chicago/Turabian Style

Santolamazza-Carbone, Serena, Laura Iglesias-Bernabé, Elena Benito-Rueda, Esther Barreal, and Pedro Pablo Gallego. 2025. "Metabarcoding Unveils Seasonal Soil Microbiota Shifts and Their Influence on Boletus edulis and Boletus reticulatus Mycelium in Quercus robur Stands" Microorganisms 13, no. 9: 2196. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13092196

APA Style

Santolamazza-Carbone, S., Iglesias-Bernabé, L., Benito-Rueda, E., Barreal, E., & Gallego, P. P. (2025). Metabarcoding Unveils Seasonal Soil Microbiota Shifts and Their Influence on Boletus edulis and Boletus reticulatus Mycelium in Quercus robur Stands. Microorganisms, 13(9), 2196. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13092196

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