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Microorganisms
Volume 13
Issue 9
10.3390/microorganisms13092123
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Article

Dose-Dependent Effect of Tilmicosin Residues on ermA Rebound Mediated by IntI1 in Pig Manure Compost

by
Pengfei Zhang
1,
Qingnan Mo
1,
Chang Liu
1,
Qing Liu
1,
Jiaojiao Xu
1,
Yan Wang
1,2,3,4,5,
Xin Wen
1,* and
Yinbao Wu
1,2,3,4,5,*
1
National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
2
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
3
State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
4
Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
5
Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2025, 13(9), 2123; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13092123
Submission received: 10 August 2025 / Revised: 5 September 2025 / Accepted: 8 September 2025 / Published: 11 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): From the Environment to Health)
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Abstract

The impact of varying antibiotic residue levels on antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) removal during composting is still unclear. This study investigated the impact of different residue levels of tilmicosin (TIM), a common veterinary macrolide antibiotic, on ARG removal during pig manure composting. Three groups were used: the CK group (no TIM), the L group (246.49 ± 22.83 mg/kg TIM), and the H group (529.99 ± 16.15 mg/kg TIM). Composting removed most targeted macrolide resistance genes (MRGs) like ereA, ermC, and ermF (>90% removal), and reduced ermB, ermX, ermQ, acrA, acrB, and mefA (30–70% removal). However, ermA increased in abundance. TIM altered compost community structure, driving succession through a deterministic process. At low doses, TIM reduced MRG–bacteria co-occurrence, with horizontal gene transfer via intI1 being the main cause of ermA rebound. In conclusion, composting reduces many MRG levels in pig manure, but the persistence and rebound of genes like ermA reveal the complex interactions between composting conditions and microbial gene transfer.
Keywords: tilmicosin; pig manure; composting; macrolide resistance genes; horizontal gene transfer; bacteria tilmicosin; pig manure; composting; macrolide resistance genes; horizontal gene transfer; bacteria
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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, P.; Mo, Q.; Liu, C.; Liu, Q.; Xu, J.; Wang, Y.; Wen, X.; Wu, Y. Dose-Dependent Effect of Tilmicosin Residues on ermA Rebound Mediated by IntI1 in Pig Manure Compost. Microorganisms 2025, 13, 2123. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13092123

AMA Style

Zhang P, Mo Q, Liu C, Liu Q, Xu J, Wang Y, Wen X, Wu Y. Dose-Dependent Effect of Tilmicosin Residues on ermA Rebound Mediated by IntI1 in Pig Manure Compost. Microorganisms. 2025; 13(9):2123. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13092123

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Pengfei, Qingnan Mo, Chang Liu, Qing Liu, Jiaojiao Xu, Yan Wang, Xin Wen, and Yinbao Wu. 2025. "Dose-Dependent Effect of Tilmicosin Residues on ermA Rebound Mediated by IntI1 in Pig Manure Compost" Microorganisms 13, no. 9: 2123. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13092123

APA Style

Zhang, P., Mo, Q., Liu, C., Liu, Q., Xu, J., Wang, Y., Wen, X., & Wu, Y. (2025). Dose-Dependent Effect of Tilmicosin Residues on ermA Rebound Mediated by IntI1 in Pig Manure Compost. Microorganisms, 13(9), 2123. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13092123

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