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Microorganisms
Volume 13
Issue 7
10.3390/microorganisms13071446
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Attachment and Biofilm Formation of Eight Different Salmonella Serotypes on Three Food-Contact Surfaces at Different Temperatures

by
Katrina L. Counihan
1,
Shannon Tilman
1,
Joseph Uknalis
2,
Sudarsan Mukhopadhyay
1,
Brendan A. Niemira
1 and
Daniela Bermudez-Aguirre
1,*
1
Characterization and Interventions for Foodborne Pathogens Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
2
Microbial and Chemical Food Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2025, 13(7), 1446; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13071446 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 3 June 2025 / Revised: 18 June 2025 / Accepted: 19 June 2025 / Published: 21 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Food Microbiology)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Salmonella spp. represent a food safety risk in the production chain because of their potential for biofilm development. This study examined the biofilm formation of eight Salmonella serotypes from diverse foodborne outbreaks on three food-contact surfaces, stainless steel, silicone, and nylon, at 10 °C and 37 °C. The effect of temperature was observed in slower biofilm formation at 10 °C with about 5-log (cfu/cm2) after 24 h, contrasting with 7-log (cfu/cm2) at 37 °C. The material also influenced biofilm formation, with the strongest biofilms on stainless steel at 10 °C and silicone at 37 °C. The serotypes producing the strongest biofilms were S. Enteritidis, S. Saint Paul, and S. Montevideo. The weakest serotypes were S. Senftenberg, S. Anatum, and the avirulent S. Typhimurium. The production of extra-polymeric substances was evident with S. Enteritidis. The biofilm index showed the highest value for low temperature, nylon, and silicone, and for S. Montevideo, S. Enteritidis, and S. Saint Paul. The whole-genome sequencing of each serovar suggested that single nucleotide polymorphisms in the curli (csg) genes may have contributed to the strong biofilm-forming ability of S. Montevideo and S. Saint Paul and the weaker ability of S. Senftenberg. These results can help with the correct development of sanitizing interventions based on the Salmonella strain of concern.
Keywords: foodborne pathogens; interventions; sanitizing; food industry; cell attachment foodborne pathogens; interventions; sanitizing; food industry; cell attachment

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Counihan, K.L.; Tilman, S.; Uknalis, J.; Mukhopadhyay, S.; Niemira, B.A.; Bermudez-Aguirre, D. Attachment and Biofilm Formation of Eight Different Salmonella Serotypes on Three Food-Contact Surfaces at Different Temperatures. Microorganisms 2025, 13, 1446. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13071446

AMA Style

Counihan KL, Tilman S, Uknalis J, Mukhopadhyay S, Niemira BA, Bermudez-Aguirre D. Attachment and Biofilm Formation of Eight Different Salmonella Serotypes on Three Food-Contact Surfaces at Different Temperatures. Microorganisms. 2025; 13(7):1446. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13071446

Chicago/Turabian Style

Counihan, Katrina L., Shannon Tilman, Joseph Uknalis, Sudarsan Mukhopadhyay, Brendan A. Niemira, and Daniela Bermudez-Aguirre. 2025. "Attachment and Biofilm Formation of Eight Different Salmonella Serotypes on Three Food-Contact Surfaces at Different Temperatures" Microorganisms 13, no. 7: 1446. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13071446

APA Style

Counihan, K. L., Tilman, S., Uknalis, J., Mukhopadhyay, S., Niemira, B. A., & Bermudez-Aguirre, D. (2025). Attachment and Biofilm Formation of Eight Different Salmonella Serotypes on Three Food-Contact Surfaces at Different Temperatures. Microorganisms, 13(7), 1446. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13071446

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