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Volume 13
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10.3390/microorganisms13040869
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Communication

Microbial Diversity, Co-Occurrence Patterns, and Functional Genes of Bacteria in Aged Coking Contaminated Soils by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Implications to Soil Health and Bioremediation

by
Liping Zheng
1,2,3,†,
Yifan Yan
3,†,
Qun Li
3,
Junyang Du
3,
Xiaosong Lu
3,
Li Xu
1,2,4,
Qunhui Xie
1,2,4,
Yangsheng Chen
4,*,
Aiguo Zhang
3,* and
Bin Zhao
4
1
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3
Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
4
School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Microorganisms 2025, 13(4), 869; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040869
Submission received: 18 February 2025 / Revised: 23 March 2025 / Accepted: 2 April 2025 / Published: 10 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Microbiology)
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Abstract

PAH contamination from coking plants have received widespread attention. However, the microbial diversity, co-occurrence patterns, and functional genes of bacteria in aged coking contaminated soils by PAHs are still not clear. In our study, we used a macro-genetic approach to detect PAH-contaminated soils from both a coking production area (CA group) and an office zone (OA group) in an abandoned coking plant, and analyzed the characteristic bacteria and function genes, microbial network interaction patterns, and soil P-cycling in long-term PAH-contaminated soils. The results revealed that Proteobacteria were significantly positively correlated with PAHs and Betaprobacteria bacterium rifcsplowo2 12 full 6514, candidatus Muproteobacteria bacterium RBG16609, and Sulfurifustis variabilis, which belong to Proteobacteria, were characteristic bacteria in PAH-contaminated soils. The phn, which is the PAH degradation gene, was abundantly expressed in the PAH-contaminated soil. The phn gene cluster genes (phnE, phnC, and phnD) were significantly expressed in the CA group of PAH-contaminated soils (p < 0.05). By integrating microbial diversity, network structure, and functional genes, it offers a comprehensive understanding of soil ecosystem response indicators to prolonged PAH stress. The results of this study will provide new ideas for constructing an assessment index system for soil health and screening biomarkers for PAH-contaminated soils.
Keywords: PAHs; coking plant; microbial diversity; co-occurrence patterns; functional gene PAHs; coking plant; microbial diversity; co-occurrence patterns; functional gene

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zheng, L.; Yan, Y.; Li, Q.; Du, J.; Lu, X.; Xu, L.; Xie, Q.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, A.; Zhao, B. Microbial Diversity, Co-Occurrence Patterns, and Functional Genes of Bacteria in Aged Coking Contaminated Soils by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Implications to Soil Health and Bioremediation. Microorganisms 2025, 13, 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040869

AMA Style

Zheng L, Yan Y, Li Q, Du J, Lu X, Xu L, Xie Q, Chen Y, Zhang A, Zhao B. Microbial Diversity, Co-Occurrence Patterns, and Functional Genes of Bacteria in Aged Coking Contaminated Soils by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Implications to Soil Health and Bioremediation. Microorganisms. 2025; 13(4):869. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040869

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zheng, Liping, Yifan Yan, Qun Li, Junyang Du, Xiaosong Lu, Li Xu, Qunhui Xie, Yangsheng Chen, Aiguo Zhang, and Bin Zhao. 2025. "Microbial Diversity, Co-Occurrence Patterns, and Functional Genes of Bacteria in Aged Coking Contaminated Soils by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Implications to Soil Health and Bioremediation" Microorganisms 13, no. 4: 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040869

APA Style

Zheng, L., Yan, Y., Li, Q., Du, J., Lu, X., Xu, L., Xie, Q., Chen, Y., Zhang, A., & Zhao, B. (2025). Microbial Diversity, Co-Occurrence Patterns, and Functional Genes of Bacteria in Aged Coking Contaminated Soils by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Implications to Soil Health and Bioremediation. Microorganisms, 13(4), 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040869

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