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Microorganisms
Volume 13
Issue 2
10.3390/microorganisms13020241
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Review

From Dysbiosis to Hepatic Inflammation: A Narrative Review on the Diet-Microbiota-Liver Axis in Steatotic Liver Disease

by
Andrea Pasta
1,
Elena Formisano
2,3,
Francesco Calabrese
1,3,
Elisa Marabotto
1,3,
Manuele Furnari
1,3,
Giorgia Bodini
1,3,
Maria Corina Plaz Torres
1,3,
Livia Pisciotta
2,3,
Edoardo Giovanni Giannini
1,3 and
Patrizia Zentilin
1,3,*
1
Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
2
Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
3
IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2025, 13(2), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13020241
Submission received: 31 December 2024 / Revised: 16 January 2025 / Accepted: 21 January 2025 / Published: 23 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Discovering the Human Holobiont: How the Microbiome Affects Human Health)
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Abstract

The gut microbiota has emerged as a critical player in metabolic and liver health, with its influence extending to the pathogenesis and progression of steatotic liver diseases. This review delves into the gut-liver axis, a dynamic communication network linking the gut microbiome and liver through metabolic, immunological, and inflammatory pathways. Dysbiosis, characterized by altered microbial composition, contributes significantly to the development of hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis via mechanisms such as gut barrier dysfunction, microbial metabolite production, and systemic inflammation. Dietary patterns, including the Mediterranean diet, are highlighted for their role in modulating the gut microbiota, improving gut-liver axis integrity, and attenuating liver injury. Additionally, emerging microbiota-based interventions, such as fecal microbiota transplantation and bacteriophage therapy, show promise as therapeutic strategies for steatotic liver disease. However, challenges such as population heterogeneity, methodological variability, and knowledge gaps hinder the translational application of current findings. Addressing these barriers through standardized approaches and integrative research will pave the way for microbiota-targeted therapies to mitigate the global burden of steatotic liver disease.
Keywords: gut microbiota; gut-liver axis; dysbiosis; steatotic liver disease gut microbiota; gut-liver axis; dysbiosis; steatotic liver disease

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MDPI and ACS Style

Pasta, A.; Formisano, E.; Calabrese, F.; Marabotto, E.; Furnari, M.; Bodini, G.; Torres, M.C.P.; Pisciotta, L.; Giannini, E.G.; Zentilin, P. From Dysbiosis to Hepatic Inflammation: A Narrative Review on the Diet-Microbiota-Liver Axis in Steatotic Liver Disease. Microorganisms 2025, 13, 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13020241

AMA Style

Pasta A, Formisano E, Calabrese F, Marabotto E, Furnari M, Bodini G, Torres MCP, Pisciotta L, Giannini EG, Zentilin P. From Dysbiosis to Hepatic Inflammation: A Narrative Review on the Diet-Microbiota-Liver Axis in Steatotic Liver Disease. Microorganisms. 2025; 13(2):241. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13020241

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pasta, Andrea, Elena Formisano, Francesco Calabrese, Elisa Marabotto, Manuele Furnari, Giorgia Bodini, Maria Corina Plaz Torres, Livia Pisciotta, Edoardo Giovanni Giannini, and Patrizia Zentilin. 2025. "From Dysbiosis to Hepatic Inflammation: A Narrative Review on the Diet-Microbiota-Liver Axis in Steatotic Liver Disease" Microorganisms 13, no. 2: 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13020241

APA Style

Pasta, A., Formisano, E., Calabrese, F., Marabotto, E., Furnari, M., Bodini, G., Torres, M. C. P., Pisciotta, L., Giannini, E. G., & Zentilin, P. (2025). From Dysbiosis to Hepatic Inflammation: A Narrative Review on the Diet-Microbiota-Liver Axis in Steatotic Liver Disease. Microorganisms, 13(2), 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13020241

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