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Article

Epidemiology, Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Small Brazilian Farms Producers of Raw Milk Fresh Cheese

by
Laryssa Freitas Ribeiro
1,
Gabriel Augusto Marques Rossi
2,
Rafael Akira Sato
3,
Andressa de Souza Pollo
3,
Marita Vedovelli Cardozo
3,
Luiz Augusto do Amaral
3,† and
John Morris Fairbrother
4,*
1
Mário Palmério University Center (UniFucamp), Av. Brasil Oeste, 1900, Jardim Zenith, Monte Carmelo 38500-000, MG, Brazil
2
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha 29102-920, ES, Brazil
3
State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castelane Castellane S/N—Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
4
Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
In memoriam.
Microorganisms 2024, 12(8), 1739; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081739
Submission received: 2 August 2024 / Revised: 13 August 2024 / Accepted: 21 August 2024 / Published: 22 August 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Prevention and Control of Foodborne Microbial Pathogens)
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Abstract

This study aimed to identify contamination sources in raw milk and cheese on small farms in Brazil by isolating Escherichia coli at various stages of milk production and cheese manufacturing. The study targeted EAEC, EIEC, ETEC, EPEC, STEC, and ExPEC pathotypes, characterizing isolates for the presence of virulence genes, phylogroups, antimicrobial susceptibility, and phylogenetic relationships using PFGE and MLST. The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and serogroups was also determined. Three categories of E. coli were identified: pathogenic, commensal, and ceftriaxone-resistant (ESBL) strains. Pathogenic EPEC, STEC, and ExPEC isolates were detected in milk and cheese samples. Most isolates belonged to phylogroups A and B1 and were resistant to antimicrobials such as nalidixic acid, ampicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. Genetic analysis revealed that E. coli with identical virulence genes were present at different stages within the same farm. The most frequently identified serogroup was O18, and MLST identified ST131 associated with pathogenic isolates. The study concluded that E. coli was present at multiple points in milk collection and cheese production, with significant phylogroups and high antimicrobial resistance. These findings highlight the public health risk posed by contamination in raw milk and fresh cheese, emphasizing the need to adopt hygienic practices to control these microorganisms.
Keywords: antimicrobial resistance; dairy; enterobacteria; food microbiology; foodborne pathogens antimicrobial resistance; dairy; enterobacteria; food microbiology; foodborne pathogens

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ribeiro, L.F.; Rossi, G.A.M.; Sato, R.A.; de Souza Pollo, A.; Cardozo, M.V.; Amaral, L.A.d.; Fairbrother, J.M. Epidemiology, Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Small Brazilian Farms Producers of Raw Milk Fresh Cheese. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081739

AMA Style

Ribeiro LF, Rossi GAM, Sato RA, de Souza Pollo A, Cardozo MV, Amaral LAd, Fairbrother JM. Epidemiology, Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Small Brazilian Farms Producers of Raw Milk Fresh Cheese. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(8):1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081739

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ribeiro, Laryssa Freitas, Gabriel Augusto Marques Rossi, Rafael Akira Sato, Andressa de Souza Pollo, Marita Vedovelli Cardozo, Luiz Augusto do Amaral, and John Morris Fairbrother. 2024. "Epidemiology, Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Small Brazilian Farms Producers of Raw Milk Fresh Cheese" Microorganisms 12, no. 8: 1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081739

APA Style

Ribeiro, L. F., Rossi, G. A. M., Sato, R. A., de Souza Pollo, A., Cardozo, M. V., Amaral, L. A. d., & Fairbrother, J. M. (2024). Epidemiology, Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Small Brazilian Farms Producers of Raw Milk Fresh Cheese. Microorganisms, 12(8), 1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081739

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