Effect of Agroindustrial Waste Substrate Fermented with Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeast on Changes in the Gut Microbiota of Guinea Pigs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animal Bioethics and Place to Study
2.2. Selection, Strain Activation and Biomass Production
2.3. Obtaining Substrates from Agroindustrial Waste Fermented with Bacteria and Yeasts
2.4. Design and Dosage of Probiotics Used in the Study
2.5. Animals, Feeding, Farm Layout and Management System
2.6. Obtaining and Administering Microbial Bioactive Compounds to Guinea Pigs
2.7. Productive Indicator, Clinical Evaluation, Culling and Visceration of Guinea Pigs
2.8. Gross Pathological Examination of the Organs of the Gastrointestinal Tract
2.9. Collection of Intestinal Mucosa and Culturing on Selective Microbial Growth Media
2.10. Identification with API System 50 CHL, 20NE and ID 32 C
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Productive Behaviour
4.2. Health and Diarrhea
4.3. Modification of the Microbiota and the Environment of the Digestive Tract
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Codification | Variants |
---|---|---|
Control | T0 | Substrate-free control of fermented agroindustrial waste (lactic acid bacteria and/or yeasts) |
Bioadditive 1 | T1 | 1.00 mL fermented agroindustrial waste substrate with L. acidophilus and L. bulgaricus |
Bioadditive 2 | T2 | 1.00 mL fermented agroindustrial waste substrate with S. cerevisiae and K. fragilis |
Bioadditive 3 | T3 | 1.00 mL fermented agroindustrial waste substrate with L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, S. cerevisiae and K. fragilis |
Production Stage | A Quantity of Food Offered, g/Animal/Day | Nutritional Composition #, % | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CP | EE | CF | Ash | DM | ||
I | 100 | 19 | 5.88 | 12.5 | 5.85 | 87.82 |
II | 150 | 17 | 5.84 | 12.8 | 5.67 | 88.52 |
III | 200 | 16 | 5.85 | 12.6 | 5.68 | 87.64 |
Period Evaluated, d | Indicator, % | Treatments | SEM | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | ||||
30 | Incidence of diarrhea | 4.08 a | 1.08 c | 0.9 c | 0.3 b | 2.2 | 0.015 |
Mortality | 0.17 | 0.58 | - | - | - | - | |
60 | Incidence of diarrhea | 2.62 b | 1.40 c | 0.72 a | 0.19 b | 2.5 | 0.014 |
Mortality | 0.58 | 0.52 | - | - | - | - | |
90 | Incidence of diarrhea | 1.03 | - | - | - | - | - |
Mortality | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Organs of the Digestive Tract, g | Treatments (n = 6 per Treatments) | SEM | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | |||
Stomach with luminal contents | 52.06 | 52.23 | 54.12 | 54.51 | 2.11 | 0.084 |
Stomach without luminal contents | 8.15 | 8.24 | 8.73 | 8.97 | 1.28 | 0.059 |
Small intestine with luminal contents | 40.21 b | 43.32 a | 42.43 ab | 43.42 a | 0.18 | 0.012 |
Small intestine without luminal contents | 25.64 | 24.76 | 25.87 | 26.32 | 0.12 | 0.081 |
Large intestine with luminal contents | 54.12 | 55.02 | 54.87 | 55.15 | 0.25 | 0.073 |
Large intestine without luminal contents | 22.09 | 21.98 | 23.45 | 22.97 | 0.10 | 0.342 |
Cecum with luminal contents | 85.13 | 86.02 | 86.03 | 86.05 | 0.15 | 0.061 |
Cecum without luminal contents | 22.86 | 23.07 | 23.26 | 23.44 | 0.21 | 0.842 |
Liver | 34.02 c | 34.56 c | 34.98 b | 35.23 a | 0.54 | 0.012 |
Lungs | 13.87 b | 14.24 b | 14.87 a | 15.34 a | 0.22 | 0.008 |
Kidneys | 10.02 c | 10.24 c | 10.67 b | 11.64 a | 0.10 | 0.022 |
Parameter | Stomach | Small Intestine | Colon | Cecum | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | |
Gut wall thickness | ||||||||||||||||
Altered | 1.08 | WI | WI | WI | 0.87 | WI | WI | WI | 1.06 | WI | WI | WI | 2.08 | WI | WI | WI |
Circulatory disorders of the mucosa | ||||||||||||||||
Edema | 1.02 | WI | WI | WI | 1.21 | WI | WI | WI | 0.28 | WI | WI | WI | 0.24 | WI | WI | WI |
Congestion | 0.15 | WI | WI | WI | 0.89 | WI | WI | WI | 0.06 | WI | WI | WI | 0.36 | WI | WI | WI |
Hemorrhage | 0.08 | WI | WI | WI | 0.31 | WI | WI | WI | WI | WI | WI | WI | 0.18 | WI | WI | WI |
Intestinal contents | ||||||||||||||||
Aqueous | 0.15 | WI | WI | WI | 0.09 | WI | WI | WI | 0.09 | WI | WI | WI | 0.31 | WI | WI | WI |
Mucous | 0.10 | WI | WI | WI | 0.24 | WI | WI | WI | 0.18 | WI | WI | WI | 0.25 | WI | WI | WI |
Frothy | 0.18 | WI | WI | WI | 0.23 | WI | WI | WI | 0.37 | WI | WI | WI | 0.33 | WI | WI | WI |
pH | 2.9 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 5.5 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 6.18 | 5.67 | 5.65 | 5.71 | 6.3 | 5.68 | 5.67 | 5.68 |
Organs of the Digestive System | Culture Medium for Microbial Growth | Treatments, log−1 | SEM | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | ||||
Stomach | Lactobacillus spp. | 6.22 | 6.31 | 6.32 | 6.42 | 0.32 | 0.841 |
Lactobacillus spp. | 6.47 | 6.48 | 6.50 | 6.72 | 0.55 | 0.836 | |
kluyveromyces spp. | 6.90 | 6.87 | 6.85 | 6.77 | 0.28 | 0.965 | |
Saccharomyces spp. | 2.80 | 2.65 | 2.57 | 3.50 | 0.26 | 0.077 | |
Enterobacteriaceae | 5.97 a | 5.59 a | 4.47 b | 3.45 b | 0.29 | 0.003 | |
Small intestine | Lactobacillus spp. | 3.77 b | 6.51 a | 6.62 a | 7.07 a | 0.46 | <0.001 |
Lactobacillus spp. | 3.72 b | 6.97 a | 7.07 a | 7.15 a | 0.14 | <0.001 | |
kluyveromyces spp. | 6.72 | 6.58 | 6.72 | 6.70 | 0.27 | 0.081 | |
Saccharomyces spp. | 3.05 b | 5.98 a | 6.10 a | 6.15 a | 0.26 | <0.001 | |
Enterobacteriaceae | 6.20 a | 3.08 b | 3.42b | 2.85 b | 0.23 | <0.001 | |
Colon | Lactobacillus spp. | 3.40 b | 7.08 a | 6.95 a | 7.12 a | 0.37 | <0.001 |
Lactobacillus spp. | 4.92 b | 7.02 a | 7.05 a | 6.97b a | 1.15 | 0.030 | |
kluyveromyces spp. | 6.85 | 6.66 | 6.85 | 6.85 | 0.61 | 0.510 | |
Saccharomyces spp. | 2.27 b | 5.98 a | 5.57 a | 5.85 a | 0.12 | <0.001 | |
Enterobacteriaceae | 6.45 a | 4.15 b | 3.95 b | 3.98 b | 0.10 | <0.001 | |
Cecum | Lactobacillus spp. | 4.07 b | 7.18 a | 7.07 a | 7.15 a | 0.10 | <0.001 |
Lactobacillus spp. | 3.47 b | 6.97 a | 7.15 a | 6.95 a | 0.23 | 0.002 | |
kluyveromyces spp. | 6.37 | 6.52 | 6.12 | 6.97 | 0.20 | 0.505 | |
Saccharomyces spp. | 2.37 c | 5.83 a | 5.61 b | 5.97 a | 0.15 | <0.001 | |
Enterobacteriaceae | 6.87 a | 3.43 b | 3.30 b | 3.52 b | 0.24 | 0.007 |
API | Numerical Profile | Microorganism | Stomach (n = 6 per Treatments) | Small Intestine (n = 6 per Treatments) | Cecum (n = 6 per Treatments) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | |||
API 50 CHL | 4356101 | Lactobacillus spp. | *** | ** | ** | ** | * | *** | *** | *** | * | ** | ** | ** |
3322230 | Lactobacillus spp. | * | ** | *** | ** | * | *** | *** | *** | * | ** | ** | ** | |
1552137 | L. bulgariccus | ** | ** | ** | * | *** | *** | *** | * | ** | ** | ** | ||
1231576 | L. lactis | ** | ** | ** | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||
1269781 | P. acidilactici | * | * | * | * | * | ** | ** | ** | * | * | * | ||
4356135 | L. acidophilus | * | * | * | ** | ** | ** | * | * | * | * | |||
1184227 | L. bulgariccus | ** | ** | ** | *** | *** | *** | * | * | * | ||||
4356101 | S. thermophillus | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
2530294 | L. paracasei | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
5310336 | L. rhamnosus | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
8042697 | Pediococcus spp. | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | ||||||
API 20 E | 1427157 | E. coli | *** | * | * | *** | * | * | ** | * | * | |||
1431430 | E. coli | ** | * | * | * | *** | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
1429274 | E. coli | * | * | * | * | ** | * | * | * | * | * | * | ||
1177524 | E. coli | ** | * | * | ** | * | * | * | * | * | ||||
4313717 | P. multicida | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||||
1313837 | S. dysenteriae | ** | * | * | * | * | * | * | ||||||
API ID 32 C | 5764734 | Saccharomyces spp. | * | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | *** | *** | ** | ** | *** | |
4026727 | Saccharomyces spp. | * | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | * | * | ** | ||
9763534 | S. cerevisiae | * | ** | ** | *** | * | ** | *** | *** | * | * | * | ** | |
7401236 | S. boulardii | * | * | * | * | * | * | ** | ** | * | ** | |||
2009655 | Kluyveromyces spp. | * | ** | *** | * | *** | *** | * | *** | *** | ||||
2229633 | K. marxianus | * | * | * | * | * | *** | *** | * | * | ** | ** | ||
4653746 | K. fragilis | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||||||
3659028 | Candida spp. | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
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Miranda-Yuquilema, J.; Taboada, J.; Once, V.; Coyago, M.; Briñez, W. Effect of Agroindustrial Waste Substrate Fermented with Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeast on Changes in the Gut Microbiota of Guinea Pigs. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010133
Miranda-Yuquilema J, Taboada J, Once V, Coyago M, Briñez W. Effect of Agroindustrial Waste Substrate Fermented with Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeast on Changes in the Gut Microbiota of Guinea Pigs. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(1):133. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010133
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiranda-Yuquilema, José, Juan Taboada, Verónica Once, Marco Coyago, and Wilfrido Briñez. 2024. "Effect of Agroindustrial Waste Substrate Fermented with Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeast on Changes in the Gut Microbiota of Guinea Pigs" Microorganisms 12, no. 1: 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010133
APA StyleMiranda-Yuquilema, J., Taboada, J., Once, V., Coyago, M., & Briñez, W. (2024). Effect of Agroindustrial Waste Substrate Fermented with Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeast on Changes in the Gut Microbiota of Guinea Pigs. Microorganisms, 12(1), 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010133