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Article

Genetic, Antigenic, and Pathobiological Characterization of H9 and H6 Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in Vietnam from 2014 to 2018

by
Kien Trung Le
1,
Lam Thanh Nguyen
2,
Loc Tan Huynh
1,2,
Duc-Huy Chu
3,
Long Van Nguyen
3,
Tien Ngoc Nguyen
3,
Tien Ngoc Tien
4,
Keita Matsuno
1,5,6,
Masatoshi Okamatsu
1,
Takahiro Hiono
1,7,
Norikazu Isoda
1,6,7 and
Yoshihiro Sakoda
1,6,7,8,*
1
Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
2
Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 941-15, Vietnam
3
Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ha Noi 115-19, Vietnam
4
Regional Animal Health Office VII, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Can Tho 942-07, Vietnam
5
Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
6
One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
7
International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
8
Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2023, 11(2), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020244
Submission received: 15 December 2022 / Revised: 15 January 2023 / Accepted: 16 January 2023 / Published: 18 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Pathogens 2.0)
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Abstract

The H9 and H6 subtypes of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) cause substantial economic losses in poultry worldwide, including Vietnam. Herein, we characterized Vietnamese H9 and H6 LPAIVs to facilitate the control of avian influenza. The space–time representative viruses of each subtype were selected based on active surveillance from 2014 to 2018 in Vietnam. Phylogenetic analysis using hemagglutinin genes revealed that 54 H9 and 48 H6 Vietnamese LPAIVs were classified into the sublineages Y280/BJ94 and Group II, respectively. Gene constellation analysis indicated that 6 and 19 genotypes of the H9 and H6 subtypes, respectively, belonged to the representative viruses. The Vietnamese viruses are genetically related to the previous isolates and those in neighboring countries, indicating their circulation in poultry after being introduced into Vietnam. The antigenicity of these subtypes was different from that of viruses isolated from wild birds. Antigenicity was more conserved in the H9 viruses than in the H6 viruses. Furthermore, a representative H9 LPAIV exhibited systemic replication in chickens, which was enhanced by coinfection with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O2. Although H9 and H6 were classified as LPAIVs, their characterization indicated that their silent spread might significantly affect the poultry industry.
Keywords: coinfection; Escherichia coli O2; low pathogenicity avian influenza; pathogenicity assessment; surveillance; Vietnam coinfection; Escherichia coli O2; low pathogenicity avian influenza; pathogenicity assessment; surveillance; Vietnam

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MDPI and ACS Style

Le, K.T.; Nguyen, L.T.; Huynh, L.T.; Chu, D.-H.; Nguyen, L.V.; Nguyen, T.N.; Tien, T.N.; Matsuno, K.; Okamatsu, M.; Hiono, T.; et al. Genetic, Antigenic, and Pathobiological Characterization of H9 and H6 Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in Vietnam from 2014 to 2018. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 244. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020244

AMA Style

Le KT, Nguyen LT, Huynh LT, Chu D-H, Nguyen LV, Nguyen TN, Tien TN, Matsuno K, Okamatsu M, Hiono T, et al. Genetic, Antigenic, and Pathobiological Characterization of H9 and H6 Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in Vietnam from 2014 to 2018. Microorganisms. 2023; 11(2):244. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020244

Chicago/Turabian Style

Le, Kien Trung, Lam Thanh Nguyen, Loc Tan Huynh, Duc-Huy Chu, Long Van Nguyen, Tien Ngoc Nguyen, Tien Ngoc Tien, Keita Matsuno, Masatoshi Okamatsu, Takahiro Hiono, and et al. 2023. "Genetic, Antigenic, and Pathobiological Characterization of H9 and H6 Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in Vietnam from 2014 to 2018" Microorganisms 11, no. 2: 244. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020244

APA Style

Le, K. T., Nguyen, L. T., Huynh, L. T., Chu, D.-H., Nguyen, L. V., Nguyen, T. N., Tien, T. N., Matsuno, K., Okamatsu, M., Hiono, T., Isoda, N., & Sakoda, Y. (2023). Genetic, Antigenic, and Pathobiological Characterization of H9 and H6 Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in Vietnam from 2014 to 2018. Microorganisms, 11(2), 244. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020244

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