Rhizospheric Bacillus spp. Exhibit Miticidal Efficacy against Oligonychus coffeae (Acari: Tetranychidae) of Tea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Bacterial Strains
2.2. Preparation of Bacterial Cell Suspension
2.3. Collection and Rearing of Red Spider Mite
2.4. Screening of Miticidal (Acaricidal and Ovicidal) Potential of Bacillus spp. against O. coffeae
2.5. Setup for Adulticidal Activity
2.6. Setup for Ovicidal Activity
2.7. Virulence of the Three Bacillus Isolates against Adults and Eggs of O. Coffeae
2.8. Electron Microscopy Study
2.9. Characterization of Pesticidal Metabolites through LC-MS Profiling
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. In Vitro Adulticidal Activity of Bacillus spp. against O. Coffeae
3.2. In Vitro Ovicidal Activity of Bacillus spp. against O. coffeae
3.3. Virulence of the Three Bacillus Isolates against Adults and Eggs of O. Coffeae
3.4. Morphological Changes in O. coffeae in Response to Bacillus Treatment
3.5. Profiling and Identification of Pesticidal Metabolites of Bacillus spp.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Treatment | Conc. (CFU/mL) | Adult Mortality (%) after 96 h | Log of Conc. | Probit Mortality | Regression Statistics (a = Slope, b = Intercept) | Regression Equation Y = aX + b | LC50 (Y = 5) LC50 = antilogX | LC50 Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1: Bacillus velezensis AB22 | 1 × 105 | 70.00 (56.79) | 5 | 5.18 | a = 0.262; b =3.832 | Y = 0.262x + 3.832 | 28,708.79737 | 0.28 × 105 |
1 × 106 | 81.67 (64.60) | 6 | 5.39 | |||||
1 × 107 | 93.33 (75.00) | 7 | 5.67 | |||||
1 × 108 | 96.67 (79.37) | 8 | 5.81 | |||||
1 × 109 | 100.00 (90.00) | 9 | 6.28 | |||||
T2: B. amyloliquefaciens BAC1 | 1 × 105 | 63.33 (52.71) | 5 | 5.08 | a = 0.273; b = 3.643 | Y = 0.273x + 3.643 | 106,151.4425 | 1.06 × 105 |
1 × 106 | 76.67 (61.07) | 6 | 5.28 | |||||
1 × 107 | 88.33 (70.00) | 7 | 5.52 | |||||
1 × 108 | 91.67 (73.15) | 8 | 5.61 | |||||
1 × 109 | 100.00 (90.00) | 9 | 6.28 | |||||
T3: B. subtilis LB22 | 1 × 105 | 61.67 (51.71) | 5 | 5.05 | a = 0.161; b = 4.229 | Y = 0.161x + 4.229 | 51,286,138.4 | 5.12 × 107 |
1 × 106 | 68.33 (55.73) | 6 | 5.15 | |||||
1 × 107 | 81.67 (64.60) | 7 | 5.39 | |||||
1 × 108 | 88.33 (70.00) | 8 | 5.52 | |||||
1 × 109 | 93.33 (75.00) | 9 | 5.67 |
Treatment | Conc. (CFU/mL) | Ovicidal Activity (%) after 14 Days | Log of Conc. | Probit Mortality | Regression Statistics (a = Slope, b = Intercept) | Regression Equation Y = aX + b | LC50 (Y = 5) LC50 = antilogX | LC50 Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1: Bacillus velezensis AB22 | 1 × 105 | 73.33 (58.89) | 5 | 5.61 | a = 0.238; b =3.936 | Y= 0.238x + 3.936 | 29,552.09 | 0.29 × 105 |
1 × 106 | 81.11 (64.23) | 6 | 5.88 | |||||
1 × 107 | 87.22 (69.06) | 7 | 6.13 | |||||
1 × 108 | 92.78 (74.41) | 8 | 6.48 | |||||
1 × 109 | 100.00 (90.00) | 9 | 8.95 | |||||
T2: B. amyloliquefaciens BAC1 | 1 × 105 | 63.89 (53.01) | 5 | 5.36 | a = 0.130; b = 4.400 | Y = 0.130x + 4.40 | 41,246.26 | 0.41 × 105 |
1 × 106 | 76.67 (61.07) | 6 | 5.74 | |||||
1 × 107 | 84.44 (66.77) | 7 | 5.99 | |||||
1 × 108 | 87.22 (69.06) | 8 | 6.13 | |||||
1 × 109 | 92.22 (73.81) | 9 | 6.41 | |||||
T3: B. subtilis LB22 | 1 × 105 | 61.11 (51.41) | 5 | 5.28 | a = 0.110; b = 4.490 | Y = 0.110x + 4.49 | 43,287.61 | 0.43 × 105 |
1 × 106 | 71.67 (57.80) | 6 | 5.58 | |||||
1 × 107 | 77.78 (61.87) | 7 | 5.77 | |||||
1 × 108 | 81.67 (64.65) | 8 | 5.92 | |||||
1 × 109 | 86.67 (68.58) | 9 | 6.13 |
Sl. No. | Compound Name | Formula | Match Score | Retention Time (RT) | Predicted m/z | Matched m/z |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Brevianamide A | C21H23N3O3 | 0.961 | 27.27 | 404.1371 | 403.8991 |
2. | Citromycin | C13H10O5 | 0.909 | 10.18 | 285.0160 | 284.8307 |
3. | Emodin | C15H10O5 | 0.912 | 28.51 | 303.0863 | 302.8130 |
4. | Heptadecanoic acid | C17H34O2 | 0.953 | 28.36 | 303.2894 | 302.9980 |
5. | Paxillines | C27H33NO4 | 0.872 | 12.46 | 458.2302 | 458.0682 |
6. | Peramine | C12H17N5O | 0.905 | 10.18 | 285.1202 | 284.8307 |
7. | Thiolutin | C8H8N2O2S2 | 0.927 | 9.71 | 246.0365 | 245.7579 |
8. | Versimide | C9H11NO4 | 0.926 | 18.91 | 220.0580 | 219.8944 |
9. | Zwittermicin A | C13H28N6O8 | 0.856 | 31.86 | 414.2307 | 413.9633 |
Sl. No. | Compound Name | Formula | Match Score | Retention Time (RT) | Predicted m/z | Matched m/z |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Brevianamides A | C21H23N3O3 | 0.933 | 27.24 | 404.1371 | 404.0471 |
2. | Heptadecanoic acid | C17H34O2 | 0.904 | 28.23 | 303.2894 | 302.9980 |
3. | Milbemycins D | C33H48O7 | 0.888 | 25.11 | 574.3738 | 574.1025 |
4. | Tenuazonic acid | C8H16O2 | 0.956 | 27.51 | 485.9953 | 486.2257 |
5. | Thiolutin | C8H8N2O2S2 | 0.970 | 9.01 | 246.0365 | 245.7579 |
6. | Versimide | C9H11NO4 | 0.923 | 18.98 | 220.0580 | 219.7834 |
Sl. No. | Compound Name | Formula | Match Score | Retention Time (RT) | Predicted m/z | Matched m/z |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Anhydrofusarubin | C15H12O6 | 0.955 | 27.14 | 306.0972 | 305.9951 |
2. | Brevianamide A | C21H23N3O3 | 0.961 | 27.27 | 404.1371 | 403.8991 |
3. | Emodin | C15H10O5 | 0.912 | 28.51 | 303.0863 | 302.8130 |
4. | Heptadecanoic acid | C17H34O2 | 0.906 | 28.33 | 303.2894 | 303.0721 |
5. | Nikkomycins | C20H25N5O10 | 0.925 | 23.99 | 518.1494 | 518.3794 |
6. | Sterigmatocystin | C18H12O6 | 0.878 | 29.35 | 342.0972 | 341.8858 |
7. | Thiolutin | C8H8N2O2S2 | 0.982 | 9.73 | 246.0365 | 245.7949 |
8. | Versimide | C9H11NO4 | 0.926 | 18.91 | 220.0580 | 219.8944 |
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Bora, P.; Gogoi, S.; Deshpande, M.V.; Garg, P.; Bhuyan, R.P.; Altaf, N.; Saha, N.; Borah, S.M.; Phukon, M.; Tanti, N.; et al. Rhizospheric Bacillus spp. Exhibit Miticidal Efficacy against Oligonychus coffeae (Acari: Tetranychidae) of Tea. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 2691. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11112691
Bora P, Gogoi S, Deshpande MV, Garg P, Bhuyan RP, Altaf N, Saha N, Borah SM, Phukon M, Tanti N, et al. Rhizospheric Bacillus spp. Exhibit Miticidal Efficacy against Oligonychus coffeae (Acari: Tetranychidae) of Tea. Microorganisms. 2023; 11(11):2691. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11112691
Chicago/Turabian StyleBora, Popy, Sukanya Gogoi, Mukund Vinayak Deshpande, Pankaj Garg, Rana P. Bhuyan, Nilofar Altaf, Nikita Saha, Sapna Mayuri Borah, Mousumi Phukon, Nabajit Tanti, and et al. 2023. "Rhizospheric Bacillus spp. Exhibit Miticidal Efficacy against Oligonychus coffeae (Acari: Tetranychidae) of Tea" Microorganisms 11, no. 11: 2691. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11112691