Hyalomma spp. in Austria—The Tick, the Climate, the Diseases and the Risk for Humans and Animals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- i.
- Evaluate tick findings;
- ii.
- Evaluate and monitor the serological status of CCHF in sentinel animals;
- iii.
- Analyse retrospective and prevailing climatic conditions during the tick season in this certain area to estimate the potential for development of Hyalomma ticks;
- iv.
- Describe potential resting places for migratory birds and densities of hosts (large animals);
- v.
- Determine the risk for humans.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tick Findings
2.2. Serology on CCHF Antibodies
2.3. Climate
2.4. Migratory Birds, Available Hosts
2.5. Risk
3. Results
3.1. Tick Findings
3.2. Serology in Cattle
3.3. Climate
3.4. Migratory Birds, Available Hosts
3.5. Risk
4. Discussion
4.1. Tick Findings
4.2. Serological Data
4.3. Climate
4.4. Migratory Birds, Available Hosts
4.5. Risk
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Date | District | Species | Sex | Host | CCHFV | Rickettsia sp. | Babesia sp. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | 02.10. | Melk | H. marginatum | male | horse | neg | pos [1] | neg |
2019 | 26.04. | Braunau | Hyalomma sp. | female | human | na | na | na |
2019 | 15.06. | Korneuburg | Hyalomma sp. | male | human | na | na | na |
2019 | 28.08. | Wiener Neustadt | Hyalomma sp. | na | horse | neg | na | na |
2019 | 05.10. | Gänserndorf | Hyalomma sp. | male | horse | na | na | na |
2020 | 03.09. | Linz Land | Hyalomma marginatum | male | horse | neg | na | na |
2021 | 30.06. | Bruck/Leitha | Hyalomma sp. | na | horse | na | na | na |
2021 | 25.07. | St. Pölten Land | Hyalomma sp. | female | horse | na | na | na |
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Duscher, G.G.; Kienberger, S.; Haslinger, K.; Holzer, B.; Zimpernik, I.; Fuchs, R.; Schwarz, M.; Hufnagl, P.; Schiefer, P.; Schmoll, F. Hyalomma spp. in Austria—The Tick, the Climate, the Diseases and the Risk for Humans and Animals. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 1761. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091761
Duscher GG, Kienberger S, Haslinger K, Holzer B, Zimpernik I, Fuchs R, Schwarz M, Hufnagl P, Schiefer P, Schmoll F. Hyalomma spp. in Austria—The Tick, the Climate, the Diseases and the Risk for Humans and Animals. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(9):1761. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091761
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuscher, Georg Gerhard, Stefan Kienberger, Klaus Haslinger, Barbara Holzer, Irene Zimpernik, Reinhard Fuchs, Michael Schwarz, Peter Hufnagl, Peter Schiefer, and Friedrich Schmoll. 2022. "Hyalomma spp. in Austria—The Tick, the Climate, the Diseases and the Risk for Humans and Animals" Microorganisms 10, no. 9: 1761. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091761