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Article

Analysis of the Specific Immune Response after the Third Dose of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Organ Transplant Recipients: Possible Spike-S1 Reactive IgA Signature in Protection from SARS-CoV-2 Infection

by
Monica Miele
1,2,*,†,
Rosalia Busà
1,†,
Giovanna Russelli
1,
Maria Concetta Sorrentino
3,
Mariangela Di Bella
1,2,
Francesca Timoneri
1,2,
Giampiero Vitale
1,2,
Elisa Calzolari
4,
Patrizio Vitulo
5,
Alessandra Mularoni
6,
Pier Giulio Conaldi
1 and
Matteo Bulati
1
1
Research Department, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCCS ISMETT), 90127 Palermo, Italy
2
Ri.MED Foundation, 90133 Palermo, Italy
3
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCCS ISMETT), 90127 Palermo, Italy
4
Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, 16124 Genoa, Italy
5
Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCCS ISMETT), 90127 Palermo, Italy
6
Department of Infectious Diseases, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCCS ISMETT), 90127 Palermo, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Microorganisms 2022, 10(8), 1563; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081563
Submission received: 27 June 2022 / Revised: 25 July 2022 / Accepted: 1 August 2022 / Published: 3 August 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infectious Diseases in Organ Transplantation)
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Abstract

Background: Several studies have indicated that anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations are less effective in inducing robust immune responses among solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) compared with the immunocompetent. The third dose of vaccine in SOTRs showed promising results of immunogenicity, even though clinical studies have suggested that immunocompromised subjects are less likely to build a protective immune response against SARS-CoV-2 resulting in lower vaccine efficacy for the prevention of severe COVID-19. Methods: Serological IgG and IgA were analyzed through CLIA or ELISA, respectively, while Spike-specific T cells were detected by ELISpot assay after the second and third dose of vaccine in 43 SOTRs. Results: The third dose induced an improvement in antibody response against SARS-CoV-2. We also reported a strong correlation between specific humoral and cellular responses after the third dose, even though we did not see significant changes in the magnitude of the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response. SOTRs who contracted the SARS-CoV-2 infection after the third dose, despite eliciting a positive IgG response, failed to mount an anti-Spike-S1 IgA response, both after the third dose and after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusions: We can conclude that serum IgA detection can be helpful, along with IgG detection, for the evaluation of vaccine efficacy, principally in fragile subjects at high risk of infection.
Keywords: mRNA vaccine; solid organ transplant recipients; immune response; IgG; IgA; T cell response; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 mRNA vaccine; solid organ transplant recipients; immune response; IgG; IgA; T cell response; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19

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MDPI and ACS Style

Miele, M.; Busà, R.; Russelli, G.; Sorrentino, M.C.; Di Bella, M.; Timoneri, F.; Vitale, G.; Calzolari, E.; Vitulo, P.; Mularoni, A.; et al. Analysis of the Specific Immune Response after the Third Dose of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Organ Transplant Recipients: Possible Spike-S1 Reactive IgA Signature in Protection from SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 1563. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081563

AMA Style

Miele M, Busà R, Russelli G, Sorrentino MC, Di Bella M, Timoneri F, Vitale G, Calzolari E, Vitulo P, Mularoni A, et al. Analysis of the Specific Immune Response after the Third Dose of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Organ Transplant Recipients: Possible Spike-S1 Reactive IgA Signature in Protection from SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(8):1563. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081563

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miele, Monica, Rosalia Busà, Giovanna Russelli, Maria Concetta Sorrentino, Mariangela Di Bella, Francesca Timoneri, Giampiero Vitale, Elisa Calzolari, Patrizio Vitulo, Alessandra Mularoni, and et al. 2022. "Analysis of the Specific Immune Response after the Third Dose of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Organ Transplant Recipients: Possible Spike-S1 Reactive IgA Signature in Protection from SARS-CoV-2 Infection" Microorganisms 10, no. 8: 1563. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081563

APA Style

Miele, M., Busà, R., Russelli, G., Sorrentino, M. C., Di Bella, M., Timoneri, F., Vitale, G., Calzolari, E., Vitulo, P., Mularoni, A., Conaldi, P. G., & Bulati, M. (2022). Analysis of the Specific Immune Response after the Third Dose of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Organ Transplant Recipients: Possible Spike-S1 Reactive IgA Signature in Protection from SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Microorganisms, 10(8), 1563. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081563

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