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Microorganisms
Volume 10
Issue 4
10.3390/microorganisms10040702
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Article

Essential Oils and Hydrolates: Potential Tools for Defense against Bacterial Plant Pathogens

by
Maria Rita Proto
1,*,
Enrico Biondi
1,*,
David Baldo
1,
Matilde Levoni
1,
Gianfranco Filippini
1,
Monica Modesto
1,
Maura Di Vito
2,
Francesca Bugli
2,3,
Claudio Ratti
1,
Paola Minardi
1 and
Paola Mattarelli
1,4
1
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
2
Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche, Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
3
Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
4
Bologna University Scardovi Collection of Bifidobacteria BUSCOB, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2022, 10(4), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10040702
Submission received: 23 February 2022 / Revised: 16 March 2022 / Accepted: 21 March 2022 / Published: 24 March 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils and Hydrolates)
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Abstract

The essential oils (EOs) of Origanum compactum and Satureja montana chemotyped (CT) at carvacrol, two Thymus vulgaris CT at thujanol and thymol, and Hydrolates (Hys) of S. montana and Citrus aurantium var. amara were chosen for studying their bactericidal efficacy against few phytobacterial pathogens. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were found by microdilution assay. The essential oils of O. compactum (MBC 0.06% v/v), T. vulgaris CT thymol (MBC 0.06% v/v), and Hy of C. aurantium (MBC 6.25% v/v) resulted in being the most effective against Erwinia amylovora; thus, they were used as starting concentrations for ex vivo assays. Despite the great in vitro effectiveness, the disease incidence and the population dynamic ex vivo assays showed no significant results. On the other hand, EO of O. compactum and Hy of C. aurantium (at 0.03% and 4.5% v/v, respectively) showed resistance induction in tomato plants against Xanthomonas vesicatoria infections; both treatments resulted in approximately 50% protection. In conclusion, EOs and Hys could be promising tools for agricultural defense, but further studies will be necessary to stabilize the EOs emulsions, while Hys application could be an effective method to prevent bacterial diseases when used as resistance inducer by pre-transplantation treatment at roots.
Keywords: essential oil; hydrolate; antibacterial activity; induced resistance; sustainable agriculture defence essential oil; hydrolate; antibacterial activity; induced resistance; sustainable agriculture defence

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MDPI and ACS Style

Proto, M.R.; Biondi, E.; Baldo, D.; Levoni, M.; Filippini, G.; Modesto, M.; Di Vito, M.; Bugli, F.; Ratti, C.; Minardi, P.; et al. Essential Oils and Hydrolates: Potential Tools for Defense against Bacterial Plant Pathogens. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 702. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10040702

AMA Style

Proto MR, Biondi E, Baldo D, Levoni M, Filippini G, Modesto M, Di Vito M, Bugli F, Ratti C, Minardi P, et al. Essential Oils and Hydrolates: Potential Tools for Defense against Bacterial Plant Pathogens. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(4):702. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10040702

Chicago/Turabian Style

Proto, Maria Rita, Enrico Biondi, David Baldo, Matilde Levoni, Gianfranco Filippini, Monica Modesto, Maura Di Vito, Francesca Bugli, Claudio Ratti, Paola Minardi, and et al. 2022. "Essential Oils and Hydrolates: Potential Tools for Defense against Bacterial Plant Pathogens" Microorganisms 10, no. 4: 702. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10040702

APA Style

Proto, M. R., Biondi, E., Baldo, D., Levoni, M., Filippini, G., Modesto, M., Di Vito, M., Bugli, F., Ratti, C., Minardi, P., & Mattarelli, P. (2022). Essential Oils and Hydrolates: Potential Tools for Defense against Bacterial Plant Pathogens. Microorganisms, 10(4), 702. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10040702

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