Asymptomatic Strongyloidiasis among Latin American Migrants in Spain: A Community-Based Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Questionnaires
2.3. Procedure: Serological Methods
2.4. Follow-Up of Participants with Positive Serology
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. S. stercoralis Infection in Children and Adolescents
3.2. S. stercoralis Infection in Adult Participants
3.3. Follow-Up of Participants with S. stercoralis Positive Serology
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n = 100) | S. stercoralis Infection (n = 6) | No Infection (n = 94) | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||||
Boys, n (%) | 43 (43) | 4 (66.7) | 2 (2.1) | 2.82 (0.49–16.17) | 0.23 |
Median age, years (IQR) (n = 69) | 11 (9–14) | 5 (4–6) | 12 (10–14) | 0.58 (0.39–0.85) | 0.001 |
Country of birth, n (%) | |||||
Spain * | 74 (74) | 6 (100) | 68 (72.3) | NA | 0.13 |
Bolivia | 13 (13) | 0 | 13 (13.8) | NA | 0.99 |
Ecuador | 9 (9) | 0 | 9 (9.6) | NA | 0.99 |
Argentina | 2 (0) | 0 | 2 (0.1) | NA | 0.99 |
Uruguay | 2 (2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | NA | 0.99 |
Total (n = 501) | S. stercoralis Infection (n = 60) | No Infection (n = 441) | OR (95% CI) | p Value | ORa (95% CI) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||||||
Men, n (%) | 198 (39.5) | 34 (56.7) | 164 (37.2) | 2.20 (1.28–3.81) | 0.004 | 2.28 (1.29–4.03) | 0.004 |
Median age, years (IQR) (n = 493) | 41 (34–49) | 44 (37–51) | 41 (34–49) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 0.046 | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 0.064 |
Education, n (%) (n = 478) | |||||||
Primary school | 128 (26.9) | 21 (35.6) | 107 (25.5) | 1.61 (0.90–2.86) | 0.10 | - | |
Secondary school | 226 (55.6) | 34 (57.6) | 232 (55.4) | 1.09 (0.63–1.90) | 0.71 | - | |
University studies | 84 (17.6) | 4 (6.8) | 80 (19.1) | 0.30 (0.10–0.87) | 0.02 | 0.29 (0.31–0.88) | 0.029 |
Country of birth, n (%) | |||||||
Bolivia | 202 (40.3) | 33 (55) | 169 (38.3) | 1.96 (1.14–3.38) | 0.013 | 2.03 (1.15–3.59) | 0.014 |
Ecuador | 188 (37.5) | 19 (31.7) | 169 (38.3) | 0.74 (0.41–1.32) | 0.32 | - | |
Colombia | 65 (13.0) | 6 (10.0) | 59 (13.4) | 0.71 (0.29–1.74) | 0.46 | - | |
Argentina | 13 (2.6) | 1 (1.7) | 12 (2.7) | 0.60 (0.07–4.75) | 0.63 | - | |
Brazil | 7 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (1.6) | NA | 0.99 | - | |
Paraguay | 6 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (1.4) | NA | 0.99 | - | |
Dominican Republic | 4 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.9) | NA | 0.99 | - | |
Peru | 4 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.9) | NA | 0.99 | - | |
Venezuela | 4 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.9) | NA | 0.99 | - | |
Other * | 8 (1.6) | 1 (1.7) | 7 (1.6) | 1.01 (0.12–8.69) | 0.99 | - | |
Knowledge about disease, n affirmative response (%) | |||||||
Have you ever heard of Strongyloides parasite or strongyloidiasis? | 39 (7.9) | 1 (1.7) | 38 (8.7) | 0.18 (0.02–1.35) | 0.07 | - |
Variable | Total n/N (%) | Children n/N (%) | Adults n/N (%) |
---|---|---|---|
S. stercoralis infection | 66/601 (11) | 6/100 (6) | 60/501 (11) |
Follow-up of patients | |||
Available | 41/66 (62.1) | 4/6 (66.6) | 37/60 (61.6) |
Unavailable | 25/66 (37.9) | 2/6 (33.3) | 23/60 (38.3) |
Reason for not following up | |||
No phone contact | 17/25 (68) | 1/2 (50) | 16/23 (69.5) |
Current phone not available | 7/25 (28) | 1/2 (50) | 6/23 (26.1) |
Picked up the phone, but did not go to the appointment | 1/25 (4) | 0 | 1/23 (4.3) |
Follow-up for confirmation | |||
Stool examination | |||
Negative | 27/41(65.9) | 2/4 (50) | 23/37 (62.2) |
Positive * | 8/41 (19.5) | 0 | 8/37 (21.6) |
Not recovered | 6/41 (14.6) | ||
Eosinophilia (>5% leukocyte or >500 eosinophils) | 16/27 (59.2) | 1/1 (100) | 15/26 (57.7) |
IgE > 100 | 9/10 (90) | 1/1 (100) | 8/9 (88.8) |
Outcome | |||
Treatment | 28/41 (68.3) | 2/4 (50) | 26/37 (70.2) |
Results of treatment † | |||
Cure | 12/28 (42.9) | 0 | 12/26 (46.2) |
Ongoing | 12/28 (42.9) | 0 | 10/26 (38.4) |
Lost to follow-up after treatment | 4/28 (14.2) | 2/4 (50) | 4/26 (15.4) |
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Ramos-Sesma, V.; Navarro, M.; Llenas-García, J.; Gil-Anguita, C.; Torrús-Tendero, D.; Wikman-Jorgensen, P.; Amador-Prous, C.; Ventero-Martín, M.-P.; Garijo-Sainz, A.-M.; García-López, M.; et al. Asymptomatic Strongyloidiasis among Latin American Migrants in Spain: A Community-Based Approach. Pathogens 2020, 9, 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060511
Ramos-Sesma V, Navarro M, Llenas-García J, Gil-Anguita C, Torrús-Tendero D, Wikman-Jorgensen P, Amador-Prous C, Ventero-Martín M-P, Garijo-Sainz A-M, García-López M, et al. Asymptomatic Strongyloidiasis among Latin American Migrants in Spain: A Community-Based Approach. Pathogens. 2020; 9(6):511. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060511
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamos-Sesma, Violeta, Miriam Navarro, Jara Llenas-García, Concepción Gil-Anguita, Diego Torrús-Tendero, Philip Wikman-Jorgensen, Concepción Amador-Prous, María-Paz Ventero-Martín, Ana-María Garijo-Sainz, María García-López, and et al. 2020. "Asymptomatic Strongyloidiasis among Latin American Migrants in Spain: A Community-Based Approach" Pathogens 9, no. 6: 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060511