Strongyloides stercoralis in Alcoholic Patients: Implications of Alcohol Intake in the Frequency of Infection and Parasite Load
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Parasitological Diagnosis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Enteroparasites | Positivity % (n) |
---|---|
Helminths | |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 14.5 (187) * |
Hookworm | 6.9 (87) |
Schistosoma mansoni | 3.5 (45) |
Ascaris lumbricoides | 1.3 (17) |
Trichuris trichiura | 0.9 (11) |
Hymenolepis nana | 0.2 (2) |
Taenia sp. | 0.1 (1) |
Enterobius vermicularis | 0.1 (1) |
Protozoa | |
Giardia duodenalis | 1.6 (20) |
Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii | 0.8 (10) |
Endolimax nana | 10.9 (141) |
Entamoeba coli | 2.8 (36) |
Iodamoeba butschilii | 0.6 (8) |
Characteristics | S. stercoralis Infection | Total % (n) | |
---|---|---|---|
Positive % (n) | Negative% (n) | ||
Age mean (years) | 44.8 ± 8.1 | 45.1 ± 9.9 | 45.1 ± 9.7 |
Residence | |||
Salvador | 80.7 (151) | 72.5 (699) | 73.8 (850) |
Other metropolitan cities | 19.3 (36) | 27.5 (265) | 26.1 (301) |
Tobacco smoker | 70.0 (114) | 60.8 (586) | 60.8 (700) |
Education level | |||
None | 5.3 (10) | 3.5 (34) | 3.8 (44) |
Elementary school | 81.8 (153) | 76.0 (733) | 80.0 (886) |
High school | 12.3 (23) | 18.7 (180) | 17.6 (203) |
College | 0.5 (1) | 1.7 (16) | 1.5 (17) |
Monthly income | |||
≤1 minimal wage † | 74.9 (140) | 69.9 (674) | 70.7 (814) |
2 to 3 minimal wages | 24.1 (45) | 27.5 (265) | 26.9 (310) |
4 or more minimal wages ‡ | 0.1 (2) | 2.6 (25) | 2.3 (27) |
Sanitary conditions | |||
None (homeless) | 0.1 (2) | 0.5 (5) | 0.6 (7) |
Sewage system | 89.8 (168) | 87.8 (846) | 88.1(1014) |
Paved streets | 89.3 (167) | 87.7 (845) | 87.9 (1012) |
Daily garbage collection | 85.0 (159) | 80.0 (770) | 80.7 (929) |
Potable water | 96.8 (181) | 94.5 (911) | 94.8 (1092) |
Bathroom at home | 95.7 (179) | 95.4 (920) | 95.5 (1099) |
Drinking habits● | |||
Everyday | 87.7 (164) | 87.0 (839) | 87.1 (1003) |
1 to 4 times/week | 4.8 (9) | 6.3 (61) | 6.1 (70) |
Over the weekend | 6.9 (13) | 5.8 (56) | 6.0 (69) |
1 to 3 times/month | 0.5 (1) | 0.7 (7) | 0.7 (8) |
Alcohol intake (years) ‡ ▪ | |||
≤10 | 22.9 (25) * | 7.8 (55) | 9.7 (80) |
11 to 20 | 21.1 (23) | 38.9 (276) | 36.5 (299) |
>21 | 56.0 (61) | 53.4 (379) | 53.7 (440) |
Type of drinks ‡ | |||
Beer | 15.6 (17) | 13.9 (99) | 14.2 (116) |
Distilled | 85.6 (90) | 85.1 (604) | 84.7 (694) |
Other | 1.8 (2) | 0.7 (7) | 1.1 (9) |
Signs and symptoms ‡ | |||
Diarrhea | 9.2 (10) | 9.2 (65) | 9.2 (75) |
Constipation | 1.8 (2) | 1.3 (9) | 1.3 (11) |
Abdominal pain | 9.2 (10) | 9.2 (65) | 9.2 (75) |
Nausea | 0.9 (1) | 1.7 (12) | 1.6 (13) |
Vomiting | 2.8 (3) | 4.8 (34) | 4.5 (37) |
Breathing Difficulties | 1.8 (2) | 0.3 (2) | 0.5 (4) |
Parasite Load (larvae/g of feces) | Number of Patients | Mean of Alcohol Intake (g/day) |
---|---|---|
Non-infected | 166 | 403.0 |
<10 | 21 | 413.7 |
11–100 | 14 | 609.4 |
>100 | 4 | 849.0 * |
Parasite Load (larva/gram of feces) | Sensitivity % (n) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Spontaneous Sedimentation | Baermann–Moraes | APC | |
Non-quantified † | 20.6 (7/34) | 0.0 (0/34) | 97.1 (33/34) |
1–10 | 62.9 (44/70) | 98.6 (69/70) | 95.7 (67/70) |
11–50 | 79.5 (35/44) | 100.0 (44/44) | 100.0 (44/44) |
51–100 | 100.0 (17/17) | 100.0 (17/17) | 100.0(17/17) |
101–500 | 100.0 (19/19) | 100.0 (19/19) | 100.0 (19/19) |
>500 | 100.0 (3/3) | 100.0 (3/3) | 100.0 (3/3) |
Total | 66.8 (125/187) | 81.3 (152/187) | 97.9 (183/187) * |
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Share and Cite
de Souza, J.N.; Oliveira, C.d.L.; Araújo, W.A.C.; Souza, A.B.S.; Silva, M.L.S.; da Cruz, I.D.R.; Sampaio, L.M.; dos Santos, J.S.B.; Teixeira, M.C.A.; Soares, N.M. Strongyloides stercoralis in Alcoholic Patients: Implications of Alcohol Intake in the Frequency of Infection and Parasite Load. Pathogens 2020, 9, 422. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060422
de Souza JN, Oliveira CdL, Araújo WAC, Souza ABS, Silva MLS, da Cruz IDR, Sampaio LM, dos Santos JSB, Teixeira MCA, Soares NM. Strongyloides stercoralis in Alcoholic Patients: Implications of Alcohol Intake in the Frequency of Infection and Parasite Load. Pathogens. 2020; 9(6):422. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060422
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Souza, Joelma N., Cíntia de L. Oliveira, Wéslei A. C. Araújo, Alex B. S. Souza, Mônica L. S. Silva, Irlana D. R. da Cruz, Larissa M. Sampaio, Juliane S. B. dos Santos, Márcia C. A. Teixeira, and Neci M. Soares. 2020. "Strongyloides stercoralis in Alcoholic Patients: Implications of Alcohol Intake in the Frequency of Infection and Parasite Load" Pathogens 9, no. 6: 422. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060422