Giardiasis Alters Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein (I-FABP) and Plasma Cytokines Levels in Children in Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Clinical and Hematological Profiles of Giardia Lamblia-Infected Children
2.2. Plasma Cytokine Profiles of Giardia Lamblia-Infected Preschoolers Differ from Those Not Infected by Giardia
2.3. Intestinal Fatty AcidBinding Protein (I-FABP) Levels Are Increased in Giardia Lamblia-Infected Children
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Study Design and Participants and Ethical Aspects
4.2. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Giardia Lamblia
4.3. Quantification of Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein (I-FABP) and Cytokines in Plasma
4.4. Statistical Analyses
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Platts-Mills, J.A.; Babji, S.; Bodhidatta, L.; Gratz, J.; Haque, R.; Havt, A.; McCormick, B.J.; McGrath, M.; Olortegui, M.P.; Samie, A.; et al. Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: A multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED). Lancet Glob. Health 2015, 3, e564–e575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rogawski, E.T.; Liu, J.; Platts-Mills, J.A.; Kabir, F.; Lertsethtakarn, P.; Siguas, M.; Khan, S.S.; Praharaj, I.; Murei, A.; Nshama, R.; et al. Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to investigate the effect of enteropathogen infections on linear growth in children in low-resource settings: Longitudinal analysis of results from the MAL-ED cohort study. Lancet Glob. Health 2018, 6, e1319–e1328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Coelho, C.H.; Durigan, M.; Leal, D.A.G.; Schneider, A.B.; Franco, R.M.B.; Singer, S.M. Giardiasis as a neglected disease in Brazil: Systematic review of 20 years of publications. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2017, 11, e0006005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fantinatti, M.; Bello, A.R.; Fernandes, O.; Da-Cruz, A.M. Identification of Giardia lamblia Assemblage E in humans points to a new anthropozoonotic cycle. J. Infect. Dis. 2016, 214, 1256–1259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fink, M.Y.; Singer, S.M. The intersection of immune responses, microbiota, and pathogenesis in giardiasis. Trends Parasitol. 2017, 33, 901–913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Singer, S.M. Control of Giardiasis by Interleukin-17 in humans and mice--are the questions all answered? Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2016, 23, 2–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Saghaug, C.S.; Sornes, S.; Peirasmaki, D.; Svard, S.; Langeland, N.; Hanevik, K. Human memory CD4+ T cell immune responses against Giardia lamblia. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2016, 23, 11–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pacheco, F.T.F.; Carvalho, S.S.; Cardoso, L.S.; Andrade, L.S.; das Chagas, G.M.T.; Gomes, D.C.; Merces, C.F.; Rocha, F.C.; Silva, L.K.; Soares, N.M.; et al. Immune response markers in sera of children infected with Giardia duodenalis AI and AII subassemblages. Immunobiology 2019, 224, 595–603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Babaei, Z.; Malihi, N.; Zia-Ali, N.; Sharifi, I.; Mohammadi, M.A.; Kagnoff, M.F.; Eckmann, L.; Singer, S.M.; Solaymani-Mohammadi, S. Adaptive immune response in symptomatic and asymptomatic enteric protozoal infection: Evidence for a determining role of parasite genetic heterogeneity in host immunity to human giardiasis. Microbes Infect. 2016, 18, 687–695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Liu, J.; Ma’ayeh, S.; Peirasmaki, D.; Lundstrom-Stadelmann, B.; Hellman, L.; Svard, S.G. Secreted Giardia intestinalis cysteine proteases disrupt intestinal epithelial cell junctional complexes and degrade chemokines. Virulence 2018, 9, 879–894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chin, A.C.; Teoh, D.A.; Scott, K.G.; Meddings, J.B.; Macnaughton, W.K.; Buret, A.G. Strain-dependent induction of enterocyte apoptosis by Giardia lamblia disrupts epithelial barrier function in a caspase-3-dependent manner. Infect. Immun. 2002, 70, 3673–3680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Peoc’h, K.; Nuzzo, A.; Guedj, K.; Paugam, C.; Corcos, O. Diagnosis biomarkers in acute intestinal ischemic injury: So close, yet so far. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2018, 56, 373–385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brenchley, J.M.; Price, D.A.; Schacker, T.W.; Asher, T.E.; Silvestri, G.; Rao, S.; Kazzaz, Z.; Bornstein, E.; Lambotte, O.; Altmann, D.; et al. Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. Nat. Med. 2006, 12, 1365–1371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cotton, J.A.; Bhargava, A.; Ferraz, J.G.; Yates, R.M.; Beck, P.L.; Buret, A.G. Giardia duodenalis cathepsin B proteases degrade intestinal epithelial interleukin-8 and attenuate interleukin-8-induced neutrophil chemotaxis. Infect. Immun. 2014, 82, 2772–2787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cotton, J.A.; Motta, J.P.; Schenck, L.P.; Hirota, S.A.; Beck, P.L.; Buret, A.G. Giardia duodenalis infection reduces granulocyte infiltration in an in vivo model of bacterial toxin-induced colitis and attenuates inflammation in human intestinal tissue. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e109087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Breen, E.J.; Polaskova, V.; Khan, A. Bead-based multiplex immuno-assays for cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and other analytes: Median fluorescence intensities versus their derived absolute concentration values for statistical analysis. Cytokine 2015, 71, 188–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Parameters Analysed | Preschoolers | ||
---|---|---|---|
Giardia Positive | Giardia Negative | ||
Age | (Months)Median IQ interval | 27.9 [25.5–31.7] | 36.2 [29.6–41.2] |
Gender | Male | 9 | 2 |
Female | 10 | 10 | |
Hemoglobin | Normal | 15 | 10 |
Mild (10–10.9 g/dL) | 4 | 1 | |
Moderate (7–9.9 g/dL) | 0 | 1 | |
Severe (<7 g/dL) | 0 | 0 | |
Eosinophils | Normal (<500 cells/mm3) | 11 | 8 |
Mild (501–1500 cells/mm3) | 7 | 2 | |
Moderate (1501–5000 cells/mm3) | 1 | 2 | |
Severe (>5000 cells/mm3) | 0 | 0 | |
Neutrophils | Normal (1600–7150 cells/mm3) | 18 | 12 |
Increased (>7151 cells/mm3) | 1 | 0 | |
Monocytes | Normal (80-1100 cells/mm3) | 15 | 10 |
Increased (>1101 cells/mm3) | 4 | 2 | |
Lymphocytes | Normal (880–4950 cells/mm3) | 14 | 8 |
Increased (>4951 cells/mm3) | 5 | 4 |
Independent Variables | Dependent Variable I-FABP Levels (pg/mL) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Coef 1 | SE 2 | P | |
Giardia infection (positive or negative) | 0.396 | 321.88 | 0.071 |
IL-17 * | 0.227 | 18.86 | 0.349 |
TNF * | 0.437 | 9.80 | 0.135 |
IL-8 * | −0.045 | 0.55 | 0.833 |
IL-10 * | −0.341 | 14.29 | 0.215 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Cascais-Figueiredo, T.; Austriaco-Teixeira, P.; Fantinatti, M.; Silva-Freitas, M.L.; Santos-Oliveira, J.R.; Coelho, C.H.; Singer, S.M.; Da-Cruz, A.M. Giardiasis Alters Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein (I-FABP) and Plasma Cytokines Levels in Children in Brazil. Pathogens 2020, 9, 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9010007
Cascais-Figueiredo T, Austriaco-Teixeira P, Fantinatti M, Silva-Freitas ML, Santos-Oliveira JR, Coelho CH, Singer SM, Da-Cruz AM. Giardiasis Alters Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein (I-FABP) and Plasma Cytokines Levels in Children in Brazil. Pathogens. 2020; 9(1):7. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9010007
Chicago/Turabian StyleCascais-Figueiredo, Tiara, Phelipe Austriaco-Teixeira, Maria Fantinatti, Maria Luciana Silva-Freitas, Joanna Reis Santos-Oliveira, Camila H. Coelho, Steven M. Singer, and Alda Maria Da-Cruz. 2020. "Giardiasis Alters Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein (I-FABP) and Plasma Cytokines Levels in Children in Brazil" Pathogens 9, no. 1: 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9010007
APA StyleCascais-Figueiredo, T., Austriaco-Teixeira, P., Fantinatti, M., Silva-Freitas, M. L., Santos-Oliveira, J. R., Coelho, C. H., Singer, S. M., & Da-Cruz, A. M. (2020). Giardiasis Alters Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein (I-FABP) and Plasma Cytokines Levels in Children in Brazil. Pathogens, 9(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9010007