Characteristics of Listeria Monocytogenes Strains Persisting in a Meat Processing Facility over a 4-Year Period
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Subtyping of 124 Listeria Monocytogenes Isolated from a Swiss Meat Plant
2.2. Biofilm Formation
2.3. Tolerance to Benzalkonium Chloride
2.4. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration of Peracetic Acid against L. monocytogenes
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Bacterial Strains and Preparation of Bacterial Cultures
4.2. Serogrouping by qPCR
4.3. Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST)
4.4. Whole Genome Sequencing
4.5. Biofilm Formation
4.6. Tolerance to Benzalkonium Chloride
4.7. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration of Peracetic Acid against L. monocytogenes
4.8. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Strain | Isolation Date | Source | Purpose | Serogroup | Sequence Type | CC | WGS | brcABC | qacH | emrE | Lineage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ILS AS1-0001 | 2015/10/15 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | 1 | absent | absent | absent | II |
ILS AS1-0002 | 2015/10/19 | FP | Study strain | 1 | 121 | 121 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0003 | 2015/11/9 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0004 | 2015/11/14 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | 2* | present | absent | absent | II |
ILS AS1-0005 | 2016/2/2 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0006 | 2016/3/9 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 121 | 121 | 3* | absent | present | absent | II |
ILS AS1-0007 | 2016/10/20 | FP | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | 2 | present | absent | absent | II |
ILS AS1-0008 | 2017/1/9 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0009 | 2017/1/9 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0010 | 2017/1/9 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0011 | 2017/1/9 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | 1 | present | absent | absent | II |
ILS AS1-0012 | 2017/1/9 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0013 | 2017/1/9 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0014 | 2017/1/9 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0015 | 2017/6/26 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0016 | 2017/6/29 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0017 | 2017/7/7 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0018 | 2017/7/7 | FPE | Study strain | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4 | absent | absent | absent | I |
ILS AS1-0019 | 2017/8/10 | FP | Study strain | 1 | 121 | 121 | 3 | absent | present | absent | II |
ILS AS1-0020 | 2017/9/12 | FP | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0021 | 2017/9/13 | FP | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0022 | 2017/9/18 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0023 | 2017/9/18 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0024 | 2017/11/6 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0025 | 2017/11/6 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0026 | 2017/11/13 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | 1 | absent | absent | absent | II |
ILS AS1-0027 | 2017/11/23 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0028 | 2017/12/5 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0029 | 2017/12/5 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0030 | 2017/12/5 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0031 | 2017/12/5 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0032 | 2017/12/7 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 20 | 20 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0033 | 2017/12/7 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 20 | 20 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0034 | 2017/12/7 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0035 | 2017/12/5 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0036 | 2017/12/5 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0037 | 2017/12/5 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0038 | 2017/12/5 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | 1 | absent | absent | absent | II |
ILS AS1-0039 | 2017/12/14 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 121 | 121 | 3 | absent | present | absent | II |
ILS AS1-0040 | 2018/1/23 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0041 | 2018/1/23 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0042 | 2018/1/23 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0043 | 2018/1/23 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 29 | 29 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0044 | 2018/1/23 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0045 | 2018/1/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0046 | 2018/1/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0047 | 2018/1/25 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0048 | 2018/1/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0049 | 2018/1/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0050 | 2018/1/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0051 | 2018/1/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0052 | 2018/1/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0053 | 2018/1/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0054 | 2018/1/25 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0055 | 2018/1/25 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0056 | 2018/1/25 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | 2 | present | absent | absent | II |
ILS AS1-0057 | 2018/1/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0058 | 2018/1/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0059 | 2018/1/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | 1 | present | absent | absent | II |
ILS AS1-0060 | 2018/1/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0061 | 2018/1/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0062 | 2018/1/26 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0063 | 2018/1/26 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0064 | 2018/1/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0065 | 2018/1/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0066 | 2018/1/25 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 391 | 89 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0067 | 2018/2/6 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0068 | 2018/2/6 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0069 | 2018/2/7 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 29 | 29 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0070 | 2018/2/6 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0071 | 2018/2/9 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0072 | 2018/2/9 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | 1 | present | absent | absent | II |
ILS AS1-0073 | 2018/2/9 | FPE | Study strain | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4 | absent | absent | absent | I |
ILS AS1-0074 | 2018/2/9 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 29 | 29 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0075 | 2018/2/9 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 8 | 8 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0076 | 2018/2/9 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 20 | 20 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0077 | 2018/2/9 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 29 | 29 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0078 | 2018/2/9 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0079 | 2018/2/9 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 121 | 121 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0080 | 2018/2/9 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 121 | 121 | 3 | absent | present | absent | II |
ILS AS1-0081 | 2018/2/9 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0082 | 2018/2/9 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0083 | 2018/2/9 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0084 | 2018/2/9 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0085 | 2018/2/9 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0086 | 2018/2/9 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 20 | 20 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0087 | 2018/2/9 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0088 | 2018/2/9 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0089 | 2018/2/9 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0090 | 2018/2/9 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0091 | 2018/2/10 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0092 | 2018/2/13 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | 1 | present | absent | absent | II |
ILS AS1-0093 | 2018/3/21 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0094 | 2018/4/5 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0095 | 2018/4/5 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0096 | 2018/4/5 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0097 | 2018/4/5 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0098 | 2018/5/22 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | 2 | present | absent | absent | II |
ILS AS1-0099 | 2018/5/22 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0100 | 2018/3/21 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0101 | 2018/5/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0102 | 2018/5/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0103 | 2018/5/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0104 | 2018/5/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | present | absent | absent | II | |
ILS AS1-0105 | 2018/5/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0106 | 2018/5/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0107 | 2018/5/25 | FPE | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0108 | 2018/5/25 | FPE | Study strain | 4 | 6 | 6 | n/a | n/a | n/a | I | |
ILS AS1-0109 | 2018/6/19 | FP | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0110 | 2018/6/25 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0111 | 2018/6/25 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | 2 | present | absent | absent | II |
ILS AS1-0112 | 2018/6/26 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0113 | 2018/6/26 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0114 | 2018/6/26 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0115 | 2018/6/26 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | 2 | present | absent | absent | II |
ILS AS1-0116 | 2018/6/26 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0117 | 2018/6/26 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0118 | 2018/6/26 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0119 | 2028/6/25 | FP | Study strain | 2 | 9 | 9 | 1 | present | absent | absent | II |
ILS AS1-0120 | 2018/7/16 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0121 | 2018/7/16 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0122 | 2018/7/16 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0123 | 2018/8/3 | FP | Study strain | 1 | 121 | 121 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS AS1-0124 | 2018/8/9 | FPE | Study strain | 1 | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |
ILS-AS-R-001 | PAA reference | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | ||||
ILS-AS-R-002 | PAA reference | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | ||||
ILS-AS-R-003 | PAA reference | 204 | 204 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | ||||
ILS-AS-R-004 | PAA reference | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | ||||
ILS-AS-R-005 | PAA reference | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | ||||
ILS-AS-R-006 | PAA reference | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | ||||
ILS-AS-R-007 | PAA reference | 9 | 9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | ||||
ILS-AS-R-008 | PAA reference | 121 | 121 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | ||||
ILS-AS-R-009 | PAA reference | 6 | 6 | n/a | n/a | n/a | I | ||||
N586 | LBF | 3a° | 412 | 412 | n/a | n/a | n/a | II | |||
N11-1850 | HBF | 4b° | 1290 | 217 | n/a | n/a | n/a | I |
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Stoller, A.; Stevens, M.J.A.; Stephan, R.; Guldimann, C. Characteristics of Listeria Monocytogenes Strains Persisting in a Meat Processing Facility over a 4-Year Period. Pathogens 2019, 8, 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8010032
Stoller A, Stevens MJA, Stephan R, Guldimann C. Characteristics of Listeria Monocytogenes Strains Persisting in a Meat Processing Facility over a 4-Year Period. Pathogens. 2019; 8(1):32. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8010032
Chicago/Turabian StyleStoller, Andrea, Marc J. A. Stevens, Roger Stephan, and Claudia Guldimann. 2019. "Characteristics of Listeria Monocytogenes Strains Persisting in a Meat Processing Facility over a 4-Year Period" Pathogens 8, no. 1: 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8010032
APA StyleStoller, A., Stevens, M. J. A., Stephan, R., & Guldimann, C. (2019). Characteristics of Listeria Monocytogenes Strains Persisting in a Meat Processing Facility over a 4-Year Period. Pathogens, 8(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8010032