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Volume 15
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10.3390/pathogens15070730
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Article

Repeated Detection of Vaccine-Preventable Anal HPV Genotypes in a Screened Cohort: A Retrospective Observational Study

by
Alberto Rizzo
1,*,
Davide Moschese
2,3,
Federica Salari
1,
Luca Carsana
4,
Samuel Lazzarin
2,
Andrea Cavallo
1,
Chiara Fusetti
2,
Loriana Morelli
1,
Francesco Caruso
2,
Alessandra Lombardi
1,
Andrea Giacomelli
2,3,
Manuela Nebuloni
3,4,
Alberto Dolci
1,3 and
Andrea Gori
2,3
1
Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergencies, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Regional Center for Infectious Diseases (CEREMI), Lombardy Region, 20157 Milan, Italy
2
Department of Infectious Disease, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Regional Center for Infectious Diseases (CEREMI), Lombardy Region, 20157 Milan, Italy
3
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
4
Pathology Unit, Luigi Sacco Hospital, 20157 Milan, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pathogens 2026, 15(7), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15070730
Submission received: 8 June 2026 / Revised: 30 June 2026 / Accepted: 10 July 2026 / Published: 10 July 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infections)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

The clinical relevance of concurrent vaccine-preventable anal HPV genotype infections, particularly for short-term repeated detection and cytologic outcomes in screened high-risk populations, remains uncertain. We performed a single-centre retrospective study of 145 adults with at least one 9-valent vaccine-preventable anal HPV genotype at baseline and repeat HPV DNA testing and cytology approximately 12 months later. Baseline infections were classified as single- or multiple-genotype infections. Outcomes included clearance of all baseline vaccine-preventable genotypes, genotype-specific repeated detection, detection of new vaccine-preventable genotypes, complete HPV negativity, and cytologic regression or progression. At baseline, 70 participants (48.3%) had single and 75 (51.7%) had multiple genotype infections; most were male (95.2%) and people living with HIV (88.3%), reflecting a highly selected anal HPV-screened cohort. Multiple infections were associated with more frequent abnormal baseline cytology (69.3% vs. 45.7%). At follow-up, clearance of all baseline vaccine-preventable genotypes was more common after single than multiple infections (34.3% vs. 12.0%). Complete HPV negativity was also more frequent after single infection (24.3% vs. 4.0%), although this stringent endpoint is intrinsically more difficult to achieve in individuals with multiple baseline infections. New vaccine-preventable genotype detection did not differ significantly between groups. Genotype-specific repeated detection was generally similar between groups, except for HPV58, a finding based on small subgroup numbers. Cytologic regression was more frequent after single infection, but not statistically significant. Multiple vaccine-preventable anal HPV genotype infections were associated with greater baseline cytologic abnormality and lower clearance of baseline vaccine-preventable genotypes at 12 months. Given the retrospective design, selected population, limited event counts, and residual confounding, these findings should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating and do not prove impaired biological clearance.
Keywords: HPV; HPV16; repeated detection; cytology; PLWH; MSM HPV; HPV16; repeated detection; cytology; PLWH; MSM

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MDPI and ACS Style

Rizzo, A.; Moschese, D.; Salari, F.; Carsana, L.; Lazzarin, S.; Cavallo, A.; Fusetti, C.; Morelli, L.; Caruso, F.; Lombardi, A.; et al. Repeated Detection of Vaccine-Preventable Anal HPV Genotypes in a Screened Cohort: A Retrospective Observational Study. Pathogens 2026, 15, 730. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15070730

AMA Style

Rizzo A, Moschese D, Salari F, Carsana L, Lazzarin S, Cavallo A, Fusetti C, Morelli L, Caruso F, Lombardi A, et al. Repeated Detection of Vaccine-Preventable Anal HPV Genotypes in a Screened Cohort: A Retrospective Observational Study. Pathogens. 2026; 15(7):730. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15070730

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rizzo, Alberto, Davide Moschese, Federica Salari, Luca Carsana, Samuel Lazzarin, Andrea Cavallo, Chiara Fusetti, Loriana Morelli, Francesco Caruso, Alessandra Lombardi, and et al. 2026. "Repeated Detection of Vaccine-Preventable Anal HPV Genotypes in a Screened Cohort: A Retrospective Observational Study" Pathogens 15, no. 7: 730. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15070730

APA Style

Rizzo, A., Moschese, D., Salari, F., Carsana, L., Lazzarin, S., Cavallo, A., Fusetti, C., Morelli, L., Caruso, F., Lombardi, A., Giacomelli, A., Nebuloni, M., Dolci, A., & Gori, A. (2026). Repeated Detection of Vaccine-Preventable Anal HPV Genotypes in a Screened Cohort: A Retrospective Observational Study. Pathogens, 15(7), 730. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15070730

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