COVID-19 Transmission Potential and Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions in Maine During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Unit of Analysis
2.3. Data Cleaning and Deconvolution
2.4. Rt Estimation
2.5. Statistical Software
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CARES | Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security |
CDC | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
COVID-19 | Coronavirus Disease 2019 |
CSSE | Center for Systems Science and Engineering |
CrI | Credible Interval |
DACF | Department of Agriculture, Conservation, and Forestry |
DHHS | Department of Health and Human Services |
DOF | Degree of Freedom |
MEMA | Maine Emergency Management Agency |
NPI | Non-Pharmaceutical Intervention |
OPTIONS | Overdose Prevention Through Intensive Outreach, Naloxone, and Safety |
PPE | Personal Protective Equipment |
Rt | Time-Varying Reproduction Number |
SARS-CoV-2 | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 |
SD | Standard Deviation |
VRBO | Vacation Rentals by Owner |
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Label | Date | Policy Measure | Details |
---|---|---|---|
A | 2 April 2020 | Stay Healthy at Home Directive | Governor Mills issued a series of substantial new mandates to protect public health and safety in the face of COVID-19, including a Stay Healthy at Home directive that required people living in Maine to stay at home at all times, except for essential jobs or essential personal reasons such as obtaining food, medicine, health care, or other necessary purposes [30]. |
B | 1 May 2020 | Re-opening (Stage 1) | Governor Mills issued a new Stay Safer at Home Executive Order. The order continued to direct Maine residents to stay at home, with established exceptions for permitted activities such as occasional grocery shopping or exercising. It also allowed residents to visit businesses or participate in activities deemed safe to open under Stage 1 of the reopening plan presented on 28 April. These included barber shops and hair salons, auto dealerships, and drive-in, stay-in-your-vehicle religious services that followed COVID-19 Prevention Checklists. The order was effective immediately and extended through 31 May 2020, subject to change [31]. |
C | 31 May 2020 | Gradual Easing of Restrictions | Governor Mills signed an Executive Order allowing for the gradual easing of restrictions implemented under previous orders as the state continued to reopen under the Restarting Maine’s Economy plan. As of this date, Maine had reopened its economy on par with, or to a greater extent than, most other New England states [32]. |
D | 8 July 2020 | Face Covering Mandate (Certain Businesses) | Governor Mills issued an Executive Order requiring large retail businesses, restaurants, outdoor bars, tasting rooms, and lodging establishments in Maine’s more populous cities and coastal counties to enforce the state’s face covering requirement. Governor Mills also extended the State of Civil Emergency for thirty days through 6 August 2020 [33]. |
E | 8 September 2020 | School Re-opening | Students in Maine returned to in-person classes for the first time since schools were closed due to the pandemic [34]. |
F | 13 October 2020 | Re-opening (Stage 4) | The Mills Administration announced that Maine would move into Stage 4 of the Plan to Restart Maine’s Economy beginning Tuesday, 13 October 2020. Stage 4 increased limits on indoor seating to 50% of permitted occupancy, or 100 people (whichever was less) and maintained critical public health measures outlined in COVID-19 Prevention Checklists, such as enhanced cleaning practices and physical distancing. The state’s face covering mandate was further strengthened, requiring a broader range of entities, such as private schools and municipal buildings, to ensure that employees and individuals in their facilities adhered to this requirement. The order also expanded enforcement statewide, rather than limiting it to coastal counties and more populous cities [35]. |
G | 4 November 2020 | Face Covering Mandate (All Public Settings) | Governor Mills announced an Executive Order requiring Maine residents to wear face coverings in public settings, regardless of the ability to maintain physical distance [36]. |
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Lee, I.S.-T.; Ofori, S.K.; Babatunde, D.A.; Akowuah, E.A.; Kwok, K.O.; Chowell, G.; Fung, I.C.-H. COVID-19 Transmission Potential and Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions in Maine During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Pathogens 2025, 14, 893. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14090893
Lee IS-T, Ofori SK, Babatunde DA, Akowuah EA, Kwok KO, Chowell G, Fung IC-H. COVID-19 Transmission Potential and Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions in Maine During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Pathogens. 2025; 14(9):893. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14090893
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Ina Sze-Ting, Sylvia K. Ofori, Doyinsola A. Babatunde, Emmanuel A. Akowuah, Kin On Kwok, Gerardo Chowell, and Isaac Chun-Hai Fung. 2025. "COVID-19 Transmission Potential and Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions in Maine During the COVID-19 Pandemic" Pathogens 14, no. 9: 893. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14090893
APA StyleLee, I. S.-T., Ofori, S. K., Babatunde, D. A., Akowuah, E. A., Kwok, K. O., Chowell, G., & Fung, I. C.-H. (2025). COVID-19 Transmission Potential and Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions in Maine During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Pathogens, 14(9), 893. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14090893