Investigation of the Pathogenesis of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Indigenous Cattle in Kazakhstan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Virus
2.2. Animal Ethics
2.3. Experimental Animals
2.4. Experimental Design
2.5. PCR
2.6. ELISA
2.7. Serum Neutralization Test
2.8. Evaluation of the Clinical Reaction
2.9. Histopathology
2.10. Virus Isolation
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Manifestations and Pathogenicity Evaluation of the Virus
3.2. Serum Neutralization Test
3.3. ELISA
3.4. PCR
3.5. Virus Isolation
3.6. Postmortem Examination
3.7. Histopathological Alterations in the Skin
3.8. Histopathological Alterations in Other Organs
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | Sampling Time Points (Days Post-Infection) and Viral Titers (TCID50/mL) Obtained from Various Pathological Materials. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 21 | 28 | |
Whole blood | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.75 | 2.50 | 4.50 | 4.00 | 4.25 | 2.00 | 0.00 |
Nasal swabs | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 2.75 | 1.75 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Ocular swabs | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.25 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Skin nodules | n/a | n/a | 3.50 | 4.75 | 4.75 | n/a | 5.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Prescapular lymph nodes | n/a | n/a | 1.75 | 1.75 | 1.00 | n/a | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Submandibular lymph nodes | n/a | n/a | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | n/a | 1.75 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Samples | Days Post-Infection | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 21 | 28 | |
Ct Value * | |||||||||
Whole blood | - | - | 25.02 | 21.14 | 20.02 | 21.01 | 20.17 | 29.50 | - |
Nasal swabs | - | - | - | 27.88 | 28.25 | 25.89 | 28.87 | - | - |
Ocular swabs | - | - | - | 25.13 | 28.18 | 28.06 | - | - | - |
Skin nodules | n/a | n/a | 19.76 | 15.45 | 18.98 | n/a | 21.03 | 24.56 | 29.84 |
Prescapular lymph nodes | n/a | n/a | - | 29.32 | 29.85 | n/a | - | - | - |
Submandibular lymph nodes | n/a | n/a | 29.41 | 28.56 | 29.78 | n/a | 30.00 | - | - |
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Kutumbetov, L.; Ragatova, A.; Azanbekova, M.; Myrzakhmetova, B.; Aldayarov, N.; Zhugunissov, K.; Abduraimov, Y.; Nissanova, R.; Sarzhigitova, A.; Kemalova, N.; et al. Investigation of the Pathogenesis of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Indigenous Cattle in Kazakhstan. Pathogens 2025, 14, 577. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060577
Kutumbetov L, Ragatova A, Azanbekova M, Myrzakhmetova B, Aldayarov N, Zhugunissov K, Abduraimov Y, Nissanova R, Sarzhigitova A, Kemalova N, et al. Investigation of the Pathogenesis of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Indigenous Cattle in Kazakhstan. Pathogens. 2025; 14(6):577. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060577
Chicago/Turabian StyleKutumbetov, Lespek, Ainur Ragatova, Moldir Azanbekova, Balzhan Myrzakhmetova, Nurbek Aldayarov, Kuandyk Zhugunissov, Yergali Abduraimov, Raikhan Nissanova, Asylay Sarzhigitova, Nazerke Kemalova, and et al. 2025. "Investigation of the Pathogenesis of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Indigenous Cattle in Kazakhstan" Pathogens 14, no. 6: 577. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060577
APA StyleKutumbetov, L., Ragatova, A., Azanbekova, M., Myrzakhmetova, B., Aldayarov, N., Zhugunissov, K., Abduraimov, Y., Nissanova, R., Sarzhigitova, A., Kemalova, N., & Issimov, A. (2025). Investigation of the Pathogenesis of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Indigenous Cattle in Kazakhstan. Pathogens, 14(6), 577. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060577