Cryptococcal Endocarditis in Humans—A Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy and Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.2. Data Extraction and Definitions
3. Results
3.1. Included Studies’ Characteristics
3.2. Epidemiology of Cryptococcal Endocarditis
3.3. Microbiology and Diagnosis of Cryptococcus spp. Endocarditis
3.4. Clinical Characteristics of Cryptococcal Endocarditis
3.5. Treatment and Outcomes of Cryptococcal Endocarditis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | All Patients (n = 16) * | Survived (n = 7) * | Died (n = 9) * |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years, median (IQR) | 50 | 26 | 53.5 |
Male gender, n (%) | 13 (81.25) | 7 (100) | 6 (66.67) |
Predisposing factors | |||
Immunosuppression, n (%) | 5 (31.25) | 2 (28.57) | 3 (33.3) |
End-stage renal disease, n (%) | 4 (25) | 1 (14.28) | 3 (33.3) |
Prosthetic cardiac valve, n (%) | 4 (25) | 1 (14.28) | 3 (33.3) |
Malignancy, n (%) | 3 (18.75) | 1 (14.28) | 2 (22.2) |
Rheumatic heart disease, n (%) | 3 (18.75) | 1 (14.28) | 2 (22.2) |
Recent cardiac surgery, n (%) | 2 (12.5) | 1 (14.28) | 1 (11.1) |
IVDU, n (%) | 2 (12.5) | 1 (14.28) | 1 (11.1) |
Recent antibiotic administration, n(%) | 2 (12.5) | 2 (28.57) | 0 |
Concomitant infection, n (%) | 7 (43.75) | 2 (28.57) | 5 (55.56) |
Clinical characteristics | |||
Fever, n (%) | 11/14 (78.57) | 4/5 (80) | 7 (77.78) |
Sepsis, n (%) | 4/14 (28.57) | 0 | 4 (44.44) |
Treatment | |||
Amphotericin, n (%) | 14/16 (87.5) | 6 (85.71) | 8 (88.88) |
Fluconazole, n (%) | 7/16 (43.75) | 3 (42.85) | 4 (44.44) |
Micafungin, n (%) | 4/16 (25) | 2 (28.57) | 2 (22.2) |
Flucytosine, n (%) | 4/16 (25) | 2 (28.57) | 2 (22.2) |
Caspofungin, n (%) | 1/16 (6.25) | 1 (14.28) | 0 |
Antifungal Combination | 10/16 (62.5) | 5 (71.42) | 5 (55.5) |
Outcomes | |||
Deaths due to infection, n (%) | 8/16 (50) | NA | NA |
Deaths overall, n (%) | 9/16 (56.25) | NA | NA |
Characteristic | All Patients (n = 16) * | Survived (n = 7) * | Died (n = 9) * |
---|---|---|---|
Fever, n (%) | 5/15 (33.3) | 4/5 (80) | 7 (77.77) |
Embolic phenomena, n (%) | 9/15 (60) | 4 (57.14) | 5/8 (62.5) |
Heart failure, n (%) | 7/13 (53.84) | 2 (28.57) | 5/6 (83.3) |
Need for ICU, n (%) | 5/14 (35.71) | 1 (14.28) | 4/7 (57.14) |
Sepsis, n (%) | 4/14 (28.57) | 0 | 4/7 (57.14) |
Shock, n (%) | 2 (12.5) | 0 | 2 (22.2) |
Paravalvular abscess, n (%) | 1 (6.25) | 0 | 1 (11.1) |
Treatment | |||
Amphotericin, n (%) | 14 (87.5) | 6 (85.71) | 8 (88.88) |
Fluconazole, n (%) | 7 (43.75) | 3 (42.85) | 4 (44.4) |
Flucytosine, n (%) | 4 (25) | 2 (28.57) | 2 (22.2) |
Micafungin, n (%) | 4 (25) | 2 (28.57) | 2 (22.2) |
Voriconazole, n (%) | 2 (12.5) | 2 (28.57) | 0 |
Caspofungin, n (%) | 1 (6.25) | 1 (14.28) | 0 |
Surgical Management, n (%) | 4 (25) | 3 (42.85) | 1 (11.1) |
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Ioannou, P.; Ziogou, A.; Giannakodimos, A.; Giannakodimos, I.; Tsantes, A.G.; Samonis, G. Cryptococcal Endocarditis in Humans—A Narrative Review. Pathogens 2025, 14, 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060547
Ioannou P, Ziogou A, Giannakodimos A, Giannakodimos I, Tsantes AG, Samonis G. Cryptococcal Endocarditis in Humans—A Narrative Review. Pathogens. 2025; 14(6):547. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060547
Chicago/Turabian StyleIoannou, Petros, Afroditi Ziogou, Alexios Giannakodimos, Ilias Giannakodimos, Andreas G. Tsantes, and George Samonis. 2025. "Cryptococcal Endocarditis in Humans—A Narrative Review" Pathogens 14, no. 6: 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060547
APA StyleIoannou, P., Ziogou, A., Giannakodimos, A., Giannakodimos, I., Tsantes, A. G., & Samonis, G. (2025). Cryptococcal Endocarditis in Humans—A Narrative Review. Pathogens, 14(6), 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060547