Mucosal Relapse of Visceral Leishmaniasis in a Child with SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Case Report
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Pessoa, F.S.; Salgado, I.A.; Gonçalves, V.C.; Martins, A.C.; Pessoa, L.S.; Junior, L.B. Severe Visceral Leishmaniasis Associated With COVID-19 and Complicated by Hemophagocytic Syndrome. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2022, 41, e544–e545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Garazzino, S.; Vecchio, A.L.; Pierantoni, L.; Carducci, F.I.C.; Marchetti, F.; Meini, A.; Castagnola, E.; Vergine, G.; Donà, D.; Bosis, S.; et al. Epidemiology, clinical features and prognostic factors of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection: Results from an Italian multicenter study. Front. Pediatr. 2021, 9, 649358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cui, X.; Zhao, Z.; Zhang, T.; Guo, W.; Guo, W.; Zheng, J.; Zhang, J.; Dong, C.; Na, R.; Zheng, L.; et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J. Med Virol. 2020, 93, 1057–1069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alemayehu, B.; Alemayehu, M. Leishmaniasis: A Review on Parasite, Vector and Reservoir Host. Health Sci. J. 2017, 11, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Herwaldt, B.L. Leishmaniasis. Lancet 1999, 354, 1191–1199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cascio, A.; Colomba, C.; Antinori, S.; Orobello, M.; Paterson, D.; Titone, L. Pediatric Visceral Leishmaniasis in Western Sicily, Italy: A Retrospective Analysis of 111 Cases. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2002, 21, 277–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aronson, N.; Herwaldt, B.L.; Libman, M.; Pearson, R.; Lopez-Velez, R.; Weina, P.; Carvalho, E.M.; Ephros, M.; Jeronimo, S.; Magill, A. Diagnosis and Treatment of Leishmaniasis: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH). Clin. Infect. Dis. 2016, 63, 1539–1557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palumbo, E. Treatment strategies for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. J. Glob. Infect. Dis. 2010, 2, 147–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meyerhoff, A. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Approval of AmBisome (Liposomal Amphotericin B) for Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1999, 28, 42–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Masi, F.; Ursini, T.; Iannece, M.D.; Chianura, L.; Baldasso, F.; Foti, G.; Di Gregorio, P.; Casabianca, A.; Storaci, N.; Nigro, L.; et al. Five-Year Retrospective Italian Multicenter Study of Visceral Leishmaniasis Treatment. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2014, 58, 414–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chivinski, J.; Nathan, K.; Naeem, F.; Ekmekjian, T.; Libman, M.D.; Barkati, S. Intravenous Liposomal Amphotericin B Efficacy and Safety for Cutaneous and Mucosal Leish-maniasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 2023, 10, ofad348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zijlstra, E.; El-Hassan, A. 3. Visceral leishmaniasis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2001, 95, S27–S58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Collin, S.; Davidson, R.; Ritmeijer, K.; Keus, K.; Melaku, Y.; Kipngetich, S.; Davies, C. Conflict and Kala-Azar: Determinants of Adverse Outcomes of Kala-Azar among Patients in Southern Sudan. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004, 38, 612–619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Colomba, C.; Scarlata, F.; Salsa, L.; Titone, L. Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent children. Report of two cases relapsed after specific therapy. Infez Med. 2004, 12, 139–143. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Jeziorski, E.; Blanchet, C.; Ludwig, C.; Lalande, M.; Coste, V.; Dereure, J.; Rodière, M. Récidive sous forme pseudotumorale d’une leishmaniose viscérale. Arch. Pédiatrie 2009, 16, S129–S131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jeziorski, E.; Dereure, J.; Mac Bullen, G.; Blanchet, C.; Ludwig, C.; Costes, V.; Rodière, M. Mucosal relapse of visceral leishmaniasis in a child treated with anti-TNFα. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2015, 33, 135–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saporito, L.; Giammanco, G.M.; De Grazia, S.; Colomba, C. Visceral leishmaniasis: Host–parasite interactions and clinical presentation in the immunocompetent and in the immunocompromised host. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2013, 17, e572–e576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akhoundi, M.; Kuhls, K.; Cannet, A.; Votýpka, J.; Marty, P.; Delaunay, P.; Sereno, D. A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies. PLOS Neglected Trop. Dis. 2016, 10, e0004349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Colomba, C.; Saporito, L.; Bonura, S.; Campisi, G.; Di Carlo, P.; Panzarella, V.; Caputo, V.; Cascio, A. Leishmania infection in psoriasis. J. Infect. 2020, 80, 578–606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sundar, S.; Rai, M. Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2005, 6, 2821–2829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cota, G.F.; de Sousa, M.R.; Rabello, A. Predictors of Visceral Leishmaniasis Relapse in HIV-Infected Patients: A Systematic Review. PLOS Neglected Trop. Dis. 2011, 5, e1153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tolomeo, M.; Bonura, S.; Abbott, M.; Anastasia, A.; Colomba, C.; Cascio, A. Good’s syndrome and recurrent leishmaniasis: A case report and review of literature. Heliyon 2020, 6, e05061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Burza, S.; Croft, S.L.; Boelaert, M. Leishmaniasis. Lancet 2018, 392, 951–970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kantzanou, M.; Karalexi, M.A.; Theodoridou, K.; Kostares, E.; Kostare, G.; Loka, T.; Vrioni, G.; Tsakris, A. Prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis among people with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2022, 42, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Favi, E.; Santolamazza, G.; Botticelli, F.; Alfieri, C.; Delbue, S.; Cacciola, R.; Guarneri, A.; Ferraresso, M. Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Work Up, and Treatment Options of Leishmania Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7, 258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ornellas-Garcia, U.; Cuervo, P.; Ribeiro-Gomes, F.L. Malaria and leishmaniasis: Updates on co-infection. Front. Immunol. 2023, 14, 1122411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Antinori, S.; Calattini, S.; Longhi, E.; Bestetti, G.; Piolini, R.; Magni, C.; Orlando, G.; Gramiccia, M.; Acquaviva, V.; Foschi, A.; et al. Clinical Use of Polymerase Chain Reaction Performed on Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow Samples for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Visceral Leishmaniasis in HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Patients: A Single-Center, 8-Year Experience in Italy and Review of the Literature. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2007, 44, 1602–1610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bogaart, E.v.D.; Talha, A.-B.; Straetemans, M.; Mens, P.F.; Adams, E.R.; Grobusch, M.P.; Nour, B.Y.M.; Schallig, H.D.F.H. Cytokine profiles amongst Sudanese patients with visceral leishmaniasis and malaria co-infections. BMC Immunol. 2014, 15, 16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Proal, A.D.; VanElzakker, M.B. Long COVID or Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): An Overview of Biological Factors That May Contribute to Persistent Symptoms. Front. Microbiol. 2021, 12, 698169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wiech, M.; Chroscicki, P.; Swatler, J.; Stepnik, D.; De Biasi, S.; Hampel, M.; Brewinska-Olchowik, M.; Maliszewska, A.; Sklinda, K.; Durlik, M.; et al. Remodeling of T Cell Dynamics During Long COVID Is Dependent on Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front. Immunol. 2022, 13, 886431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Colomba, C.; Guccione, C.; Rubino, R.; Scalisi, M.; Condemi, A.; Bagarello, S.; Giordano, S.; Cascio, A. Third Case of Visceral Leishmaniasis in COVID-19: Mini Review Article. Pathogens 2022, 11, 913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- de Ruiter, C.M.; van der Veer, C.; Leeflang, M.M.G.; Deborggraeve, S.; Lucas, C.; Adams, E.R. Molecular Tools for Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2014, 52, 3147–3155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pagniez, J.; Petitdidier, E.; Parra-Zuleta, O.; Pissarra, J.; Bras-Gonçalves, R. A systematic review of peptide-based serological tests for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. Parasite 2023, 30, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cascio, A.; Calattini, S.; Colomba, C.; Scalamogna, C.; Galazzi, M.; Pizzuto, M.; Camilli, R.; Gramiccia, M.; Titone, L.; Corbellino, M.; et al. Polymerase Chain Reaction in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Mediterranean Visceral Leishmaniasis in Immunocompetent Children. Pediatrics 2002, 109, e27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- di Martino, L.; Davidson, R.N.; Giacchino, R.; Scotti, S.; Raimondi, F.; Castagnola, E.; Tasso, L.; Cascio, A.; Gradoni, L.; Gramiccia, M.; et al. Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in children with liposomal amphotericin B. J. Pediatr. 1997, 131, 271–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cascio, A.; di Martino, L.; Occorsio, P.; Giacchino, R.; Catania, S.; Gigliotti, A.R.; Aiassa, C.; Iaria, C.; Giordano, S.; Colomba, C.; et al. A 6 day course of liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of infantile visceral leishmaniasis: The Italian experience. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2004, 54, 217–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Guerin, P.J.; Olliaro, P.; Sundar, S.; Boelaert, M.; Croft, S.L.; Desjeux, P.; Wasunna, M.K.; Bryceson, A.D.M. Visceral leishmaniasis: Current status of control, diagnosis, and treatment, and a proposed research and development agenda. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2002, 2, 494–501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van Griensven, J.; Carrillo, E.; López-Vélez, R.; Lynen, L.; Moreno, J. Leishmaniasis in immunosuppressed individuals. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2014, 20, 286–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Author/Country/Year [Ref.] | Age/Sex | Pre-Existing Medical Condition | Risk Factors | VL Treatment | Time of Relapse | Location of Recurrence | Symptoms | Diagnostic Test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jeziorski et al./France/2009 [15] | 7 y/F | JIA | Immunosuppressive therapy (anti-TNFα) | L-AmB 24 mg/kg in 6 doses | Two years after treatment of VL | Nasal mucosa | Splenomegaly, recurring nosebleeds | Pathological examination and PCR on mucosal lesion |
Jeziorski et al./France/2015 [16] | 4 y/F | JIA, bilateral uveitis | Immunosuppressive therapy (anti-TNFα) | L-AmB 24 mg/kg in 6 doses | Two years after treatment of VL | Nasal mucosa | Splenomegaly, recurring nosebleeds | Pathological examination and PCR on the mucosal lesion |
Our case Colomba et al./Italy/2023 | 4 y/F | COVID-19 | No | L-AmB 3 mg/kg/day for 5 days, other dose on 10th day | Seven months after treatment of VL | Oral mucosa | Fever, hepatosplenomegaly, gingival bleeding | PCR on the mucosal lesion |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Colomba, C.; Boncori, G.; Albano, C.; Garbo, V.; Bagarello, S.; Condemi, A.; Giordano, S.; Cascio, A. Mucosal Relapse of Visceral Leishmaniasis in a Child with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Pathogens 2023, 12, 1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12091127
Colomba C, Boncori G, Albano C, Garbo V, Bagarello S, Condemi A, Giordano S, Cascio A. Mucosal Relapse of Visceral Leishmaniasis in a Child with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Pathogens. 2023; 12(9):1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12091127
Chicago/Turabian StyleColomba, Claudia, Giovanni Boncori, Chiara Albano, Valeria Garbo, Sara Bagarello, Anna Condemi, Salvatore Giordano, and Antonio Cascio. 2023. "Mucosal Relapse of Visceral Leishmaniasis in a Child with SARS-CoV-2 Infection" Pathogens 12, no. 9: 1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12091127
APA StyleColomba, C., Boncori, G., Albano, C., Garbo, V., Bagarello, S., Condemi, A., Giordano, S., & Cascio, A. (2023). Mucosal Relapse of Visceral Leishmaniasis in a Child with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Pathogens, 12(9), 1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12091127