Anisakid Nematodes and Potential Risk of Human Anisakiasis through the Consumption of Hake, Merluccius spp., Sold Fresh in Spanish Supermarkets
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
Influence of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors
3. Discussion
3.1. Global Parasitization
3.2. Parasitization in the Viscera and the Flesh
3.3. Influence of the of Fish Catching Season on Anisakis Parasitization
3.4. Influence of the Fish Size on Anisakis Parasitization
3.5. Migration of Anisakis Larvae to the Fish Flesh
3.6. Assessment of Human Anisakiasis Risk through the Consumption of Hake
3.7. Global Preventive Measures and Recommendations to Consumers to Prevent the Human Anisakiasis Risk
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Samples and Parasitological Procedures
4.2. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hake Species | Total Ascaridoidea | Anisakis Type I | Contracaecum spp. | Hysterothylacium spp. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | P (CI 95%) | n | P (CI 95%) | n | P (CI 95%) | n | P (CI 95%) | |
Atlantic European hake (M. merluccius) | 151 | 88 (83–93) | 151 | 88 (83–93) | 17 | 10 (6–15) | 4 | 2 (1–5) |
Mediterranean European hake (M. merluccius) | 50 | 26 (17–35) | 46 | 24 (18–31) | 4 | 2 (1–5) | 3 | 2 (1–5) |
Silver hake (M. bilinearis) | 113 | 66 (57–75) | 106 | 62 (55–69) | 5 | 3 (1–7) | 18 | 10 (6–15) |
Hake Species | Total Ascaridoidea | Anisakis Type I | Contracaecum spp. | Hysterothylacium spp. |
---|---|---|---|---|
mA (SE) (Range) | mA (SE) (Range) | mA (SE) (Range) | mA (SE) (Range) | |
Atlantic European hake (M. merluccius) | 51.7 (14.660) (1–1951) | 51.3 (14.635) (1–1950) | 0.4 (0.134) (1–18) | 0.1 (0.105) (1–18) |
Mediterranean European hake (M. merluccius) | 4.7 (1.350) (1–182) | 4.6 (1.351) (1–182) | 0.03 (0.014) (1–2) | 0.03 (0.016) (1–2) |
Silver hake (M. bilinearis) | 1.9 (0.186) (1–12) | 1.7 (0.177) (1–12) | 0.03 (0.013) (1) | 0.2 (0.038) (1–3) |
Hake Species | Viscera | Flesh | Autumn-Winter | Spring-Summer | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | P (CI 95%) | n | P (CI 95%) | n | P (CI 95%) | n | P (CI 95%) | |
Atlantic European hake (M. merluccius) | 131 | 76 (70–82) | 113 | 66 (59–73) | 63 | 93 (87–99) | 88 | 85 (78–92) |
Mediterranean European hake (M. merluccius) | 40 | 21 (16–27) | 30 | 16 (11–22) | 30 | 27 (21–34) | 16 | 20 (15–26) |
Silver hake (M. bilinearis) | 88 | 51 (44–59) | 46 | 27 (21–34) | 73 | 65 (53–77) | 33 | 55 (46–64) |
Hake Species | Viscera | Flesh | Autumn-Winter | Spring-Summer |
---|---|---|---|---|
mA (SE) (Range) | mA (SE) (Range) | mA (SE) (Range) | mA (SE) (Range) | |
Atlantic European hake (M. merluccius) | 20.1 (5.449) (1–830) | 31.2 (9.939) (1–1120) | 92.4 (34.625) (1–1950) | 24.4 (7.771) (1–574) |
Mediterranean European hake (M. merluccius) | 3.6 (1.142) (1–167) | 1.1 (0.289) (1–39) | 6.2 (2.159) (1–182) | 2.5 (1.250) (1–90) |
Silver hake (M. bilinearis) | 1.3 (0.162) (1–12) | 0.4 (0.059) (1–6) | 2.0 (0.244) (1–12) | 1.1 (0.206) (1–9) |
Hake Species | χ2 | p | OR (95% CI) | U | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atlantic European hake (M. merluccius) | 15.799 | <0.0001 | 16.39 (2.14–125.24) | 735.5 | <0.0001 |
Mediterranean European hake (M. merluccius) | 12.174 | <0.0001 | 3.38 (1.70–6.73) | 2917.5 | <0.0001 |
Silver hake (M. bilinearis) | --- | --- | --- | 2864.5 | 0.010 |
Hake Species | χ2 | p | OR (95% CI) | U | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atlantic European hake (M. merluccius) | 10.108 | 0.0015 | 9.13 (2.05–40.57) | 746.5 | <0.0001 |
Mediterranean European hake (M. merluccius) | 4.363 | 0.0037 | 2.04 (1.04–3.99) | 3804.5 | 0.008 |
Silver hake (M. bilinearis) | --- | --- | --- | 2929.5 | 0.032 |
Hake Species | Weight | Length | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Rho | p | Rho | p | |
Atlantic European hake (M. merluccius) | 0.679 | <0.0001 | 0.695 | <0.0001 |
Mediterranean European hake (M. merluccius) | 0.324 | <0.0001 | 0.307 | <0.0001 |
Silver hake (M. bilinearis) | 0.311 | <0.0001 | 0.318 | <0.0001 |
Hake Species | Weight | Length | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Rho | p | Rho | p | |
Atlantic European hake (M. merluccius) | −0.249 | 0.008 | −0.227 | 0.015 |
Mediterranean European hake (M. merluccius) | --- | --- | −0.380 | 0.0038 |
Silver hake (M. bilinearis) | −0.406 | 0.005 | −0.411 | 0.005 |
Hake Species | Total (n) | Autumn-Winter | Spring-Summer | Weight Range (g) | Weight Group | n | Length Range (cm) | Length Group | n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atlantic European hake (M. merluccius) | 172 | 68 | 104 | 69.7–549.6 | W1 ≤ 200 g | 103 | 21.7–41.5 | L1 ≤ 30 cm | 96 |
(x = 198.7) | W2 > 200 g | 69 | (x = 30.3) | L2 > 30 cm | 76 | ||||
Mediterranean European hake (M. merluccius) | 192 | 110 | 82 | 37.0–582.0 | W1 ≤ 150 g | 129 | 18.4–41.1 | L1 ≤ 27 cm | 105 |
(x = 151.4) | W2 > 150 g | 63 | (x = 27.2) | L2 > 27 cm | 87 | ||||
Silver hake(M. bilinearis) | 172 | 60 | 112 | 51.4–215.9 | W1 ≤ 100 g | 93 | 19.0–32.5 | L1 ≤ 25 cm | 72 |
(x = 100.8) | W2 > 100 g | 79 | (x = 25.7) | L2 > 25 cm | 100 |
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Fuentes, M.V.; Madrid, E.; Cuesta, C.; Gimeno, C.; Baquedano-Rodríguez, M.; Soriano-Sánchez, I.; Bolívar, A.M.; Sáez-Durán, S.; Trelis, M.; Debenedetti, Á.L. Anisakid Nematodes and Potential Risk of Human Anisakiasis through the Consumption of Hake, Merluccius spp., Sold Fresh in Spanish Supermarkets. Pathogens 2022, 11, 622. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060622
Fuentes MV, Madrid E, Cuesta C, Gimeno C, Baquedano-Rodríguez M, Soriano-Sánchez I, Bolívar AM, Sáez-Durán S, Trelis M, Debenedetti ÁL. Anisakid Nematodes and Potential Risk of Human Anisakiasis through the Consumption of Hake, Merluccius spp., Sold Fresh in Spanish Supermarkets. Pathogens. 2022; 11(6):622. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060622
Chicago/Turabian StyleFuentes, Màrius V., Elena Madrid, Clara Cuesta, Carla Gimeno, Marta Baquedano-Rodríguez, Isaac Soriano-Sánchez, Ana María Bolívar, Sandra Sáez-Durán, María Trelis, and Ángela L. Debenedetti. 2022. "Anisakid Nematodes and Potential Risk of Human Anisakiasis through the Consumption of Hake, Merluccius spp., Sold Fresh in Spanish Supermarkets" Pathogens 11, no. 6: 622. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060622
APA StyleFuentes, M. V., Madrid, E., Cuesta, C., Gimeno, C., Baquedano-Rodríguez, M., Soriano-Sánchez, I., Bolívar, A. M., Sáez-Durán, S., Trelis, M., & Debenedetti, Á. L. (2022). Anisakid Nematodes and Potential Risk of Human Anisakiasis through the Consumption of Hake, Merluccius spp., Sold Fresh in Spanish Supermarkets. Pathogens, 11(6), 622. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060622