Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum Antibodies in Dogs and Cats from Egypt and Risk Factor Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Statement
2.2. Animal Population and Location
2.3. Sample Collection and Preparation
2.4. ELISA Testing and Interpretation of Results
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Martin, F.; Bachert, K.E.; Snow, L.; Tu, H.W.; Belahbib, J.; Lyn, S.A. Depression, anxiety, and happiness in dog owners and potential dog owners during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0260676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frenkel, J.K.; Lindsay, D.S.; Parker, B.B.; Dobesh, M. Dogs as possible mechanical carriers of Toxoplasma, and their fur as a source of infection of young children. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2003, 7, 292–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- El Behairy, A.M.; Choudhary, S.; Ferreira, L.R.; Kwok, O.C.; Hilali, M.; Su, C.; Dubey, J.P. Genetic characterization of viable Toxoplasma gondii isolates from stray dogs from Giza, Egypt. Vet. Parasitol. 2013, 193, 25–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abdelbaky, H.H.; Umeda, K.; Nguyen, T.; Mohamed, A.E.A.; Fereig, R.M. A review on current knowledge of major zoonotic protozoan diseases affecting farm and pet animals. Ger. J. Vet. Res. 2021, 2, 61–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Bajalan, M.; Xia, D.; Armstrong, S.; Randle, N.; Wastling, J.M. Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum induce different host cell responses at proteome-wide phosphorylation events; a step forward for uncovering the biological differences between these closely related parasites. Parasitol. Res. 2017, 116, 2707–2719. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dubey, J.P.; Beattie, C.P. Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Man; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1988; pp. 1–220. [Google Scholar]
- Dubey, J.P.; Hemphill, A.; Calero-Bernal, R.; Schares, G. Neosporosis in Animals, 1st ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2017; pp. 351–355. [Google Scholar]
- Fereig, R.M.; Nishikawa, Y. From signaling pathways to distinct immune responses: Key factors for establishing or combating Neospora caninum infection in different susceptible hosts. Pathogens 2020, 9, 384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tenter, A.M.; Heckeroth, A.R.; Weiss, L.M. Toxoplasma gondii: From animals to humans. Int. J. Parasitol. 2000, 30, 1217–1258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McAllister, M.M.; Dubey, J.P.; Lindsay, D.S.; Jolley, W.R.; Wills, R.A.; McGuire, A.M. Dogs are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum. Int. J. Parasitol. 1998, 28, 1473–1479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gondim, L.F.P.; McAllister, M.M.; Pitt, W.C.; Zemlicka, D.E. Coyotes (Canis latrans) are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum. Int. J. Parasitol. 2004, 34, 159–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- King, J.S.; Slapeta, J.; Jenkins, D.J.; Al-Qassab, S.E.; Ellis, J.T.; Windsor, P.A. Australian dingoes are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum. Int. J. Parasitol. 2010, 40, 945–950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dubey, J.P.; Jenkins, M.C.; Rajendran, C.; Miska, K.; Ferreira, L.R.; Martins, J.; Kwok, O.C.H.; Choudhary, S. Gray wolf (Canis lupus) is a natural definitive host for Neospora caninum. Vet. Parasitol. 2011, 181, 382–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Calero-Bernal, R.; Gennari, S.M. Clinical toxoplasmosis in dogs and cats: An Update. Front. Vet. Sci. 2019, 6, 54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dubey, J.P. Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans, 2nd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2010; pp. 1–313. [Google Scholar]
- Ding, H.; Gao, Y.M.; Deng, Y.; Lamberton, P.H.L.; Lu, D.B. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in cats in mainland China. Parasites Vectors 2017, 10, 27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Spycher, A.; Geigy, C.; Howard, J.; Posthaus, H.; Gendron, K.; Gottstein, B.; Debache, K.; Herrmann, D.C.; Schares, G.; Frey, C.F. Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii causing fatal systemic toxoplasmosis in an immunocompetent 10-year-old cat. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 2011, 23, 104–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Patitucci, A.N.; Alley, M.R.; Jones, B.R.; Charleston, W.A.G. Protozoa1 encephalomyelitis of dogs involving Neosporum caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in New Zealand. N. Z. Vet. J. 1997, 45, 231–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Migliore, S.; La Marca, S.; Stabile, C.; Di Marco Lo Presti, V.; Vitale, M. A rare case of acute toxoplasmosis in a stray dog due to infection of T. gondii clonal type I: Public health concern in urban settings with stray animals? BMC Vet. Res. 2017, 13, 249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pepper, A.; Mansfield, C.; Stent, A.; Johnstone, T. Toxoplasmosis as a cause of life-threatening respiratory distress in a dog receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Clin. Case Rep. 2019, 7, 942–948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Barber, J.S.; Trees, A.J. Clinical aspects of 27 cases of neosporosis in dogs. Vet. Rec. 1996, 139, 439–443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Kappany, Y.M.; Rajendran, C.; Ferreira, L.R.; Kwok, O.C.; Abu-Elwafa, S.A.; Hilali, M.; Dubey, J.P. High prevalence of toxoplasmosis in cats from Egypt: Isolation of viable Toxoplasma gondii, tissue distribution, and isolate designation. J. Parasitol. 2010, 96, 1115–1118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Awad, R.A.; Barakat, A.M.A. Serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in household cats in Egypt. Egypt. J. Vet. Sci. 2019, 50, 57–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sherif, H.; Gerges, A.A.; Elsify, A.; Hadad, G.A. Molecular and serological survey for toxoplasmosis in cats from an urban populations in Egypt. Alex. J. Vet. Sci. 2019, 63, 26–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rifaat, M.A.; Morsy, T.A.; Sadek, M.S.M.; Arafa, M.S.; Azab, M.E.; Abdel Ghaffar, F.M. Isolation of Toxoplasma parasite from animals in Egypt. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 1977, 7, 219–223. [Google Scholar]
- Khaled, M.L.; Morsy, T.A.; Sadek, M.S.; Salama, M.M. The presence of antibodies against toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis and amoebiasis in stray dogs in Cairo, Egypt. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 1982, 12, 341–347. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- El-Ghaysh, A.; Khalil, F.; Hilali, M.; Nassar, A.M. Serological diagnosis of Neospora caninum infection in some domestic animals from Egypt. Vet. Med. J. Giza 2003, 51, 355–361. [Google Scholar]
- Fereig, R.M.; Mahmoud, H.; Mohamed, S.; AbouLaila, M.R.; Abdel-Wahab, A.; Osman, S.A.; Zidan, S.A.; El-Khodary, S.A.; Mohamed, A.; Nishikawa, Y. Seroprevalence and epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in farm animals in different regions of Egypt. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep. 2016, 3–4, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fereig, R.M.; Wareth, G.; Abdelbaky, H.H.; Mazeed, A.M.; El-Diasty, M.; Abdelkhalek, A.; Mahmoud, H.Y.A.H.; Ali, O.A.; El-tayeb, A.; Alsayeqh, A.F.; et al. Seroprevalence of specific antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Brucella spp. in sheep and goats in Egypt. Animals 2022, 12, 3327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fereig, R.M.; Abdelbaky, H.H.; Mazeed, A.M.; El-Alfy, E.S.; Saleh, S.; Omar, M.A.; Alsayeqh, A.F.; Frey, C.F. Prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and DNA in raw milk of various ruminants in Egypt. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dwinata, I.M.; Oka, I.; Agustina, K.K.; Damriyasa, I.M. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in local Bali dog. Vet. World 2018, 11, 926–929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Villagra-Blanco, R.; Angelova, L.; Conze, T.; Schares, G.; Bärwald, A.; Taubert, A.; Hermosilla, C.; Wehrend, A. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum-specific antibodies in German breeding bitches. Parasites Vectors 2018, 11, 96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lefkaditis, M.; Spanoudis, K.; Tsakiroglou, M.; Panorias, A.; Sossidou, A. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in stray dogs in Chalkidiki, Northern Greece. J. Hell. Vet. Med. Soc. 2021, 71, 2511–2514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anvari, D.; Saberi, R.; Sharif, M.; Sarvi, S.; Hosseini, S.A.; Moosazadeh, M.; Hosseininejad, Z.; Chegeni, T.N.; Daryani, A. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in dog population worldwide: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Acta Parasitol. 2020, 65, 273–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Györke, A.; Opsteehg, M.; Mirceana, V.; Iovua, A.; Cozmaa, V. Toxoplasma gondii in Romanian household cats: Evaluation of serological tests, epidemiology and risk factors. Prev. Vet. Med. 2011, 102, 321–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fábrega, L.; Restrepo, C.M.; Torres, A.; Smith, D.; Chan, P.; Pérez, D.; Cumbrera, A.; Caballero, E.Z. Frequency of Toxoplasma gondii and risk factors associated with the infection in stray dogs and cats of Panama. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arruda, I.F.; Millar, P.R.; Barbosa, A.; Abboud, L.; Dos Reis, I.C.; Moreira, A.; Guimarães, M.; Amendoeira, M. Toxoplasma gondii in domiciled dogs and cats in urban areas of Brazil: Risk factors and spatial distribution. Toxoplasma gondii chez les chiens et les chats domiciliés dans des zones urbaines du Brésil: Facteurs de risque et répartition spatiale. Parasite 2021, 28, 56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roqueplo, C.; Halos, L.; Cabre, O.; Davoust, B. Toxoplasma gondii in wild and domestic animals from New Caledonia. Parasite 2011, 18, 345–348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sharma, R.N.; Ordas, G.; Tiwari, K.; Chikweto, A.; Bhaiyat, M.I.; Allie, C.D.; Paterson, T. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in stray and owned dogs of Grenada, West Indies. Vet. World 2014, 7, 661–664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Guy, L.R.M.; Penuliar, G.M. Seroprevalence and risk factor analysis of Toxoplasma gondii among stray and domesticated dogs (Canis familiaris) in Antipolo and Metro Manila. Philipp. J. Sci. 2016, 145, 49–55. [Google Scholar]
- Zarra-Nezhad, F.; Borujeni, M.P.; Mosallanejad, B.; Hamidinejat, H. A seroepidemiological survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection in referred dogs to Veterinary Hospital of Ahvaz, Iran. Int. J. Vet. Sci. Med. 2017, 5, 148–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Watanabe, M.; Sadiq, M.B.; Mulop, N.; Mohammed, K.; Rani, P.; Fong, L.S.; Aziz, N.A.; Kamaludeen, J.; Ramanoon, S.Z.; Mansor, R.; et al. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in stray dogs from various locations in West and East Malaysia. Korean J. Parasitol. 2020, 58, 487–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raimundo, J.M.; Guimaraes, A.; Moraes, L.M.D.B.; Santos, L.A.; Nepomuceno, L.L.; Barbosa, S.M.; Pires, M.S.; Santos, H.A.; Massard, C.L.; Machado, R.Z.; et al. Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in dogs from the state of Tocantins: Serology and associated factors. Braz. J. Vet. Parasitol. 2015, 24, 475–481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, J.Y.; Lee, S.E.; Lee, E.G.; Song, K.H. Nested PCR-based detection of Toxoplasma gondii in German shepherd dogs and stray cats in South Korea. Res. Vet. Sci. 2008, 85, 125–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Region | Governorate | Dog | Sex (m:f) | Ownership /Purpose | Cat | Sex (m:f) | Ownership /Purpose | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nile Delta | Kafr Elsheikh | 50 | 29:21 | Companion | 15 | 9:6 | owned | 65 |
Western region | Alexandria | 36 | 33:3 | watchdog | - | - | - | 36 |
Greater Cairo | Cairo | - | - | 24 | 11:13 | owned | 24 | |
Giza | 50 | 16:34 | stray | - | - | - | 50 | |
Southern region | Qena | - | - | 4 | 0:4 | owned | 4 | |
Luxor | 13 | 4:9 | stray | - | - | - | 13 | |
Eastern region | Red Sea | 18 5 | 11:7 1:4 | stray companion | 8 - | 4:4 - | owned - | 26 5 |
Total | 7 governorates | 172 | 94:78 | 51 | 24:27 | 223 |
Type of Infection | Animal Species | No. of Tested | No. of Negative (%) | No. of Doubtful (%) | No. of Positive (%) | 95% CI * Positive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T. gondii | Dog | 172 | 117 (68) | 15 (8.7) | 40 (23.3) | 17.3–30.4 |
Cat | 51 | 44 (86.3) | 2 (3.9) | 5 (9.8) | 3.7–22.2 | |
Total | 223 | 161 (72.2) | 17 (7.6) | 45 (20.2) | 15.2–26.2 | |
N. caninum | Dog | 172 | 155 (90.1) | 7 (4.1) | 10 (5.8) | 3–10.7 |
Cat | 51 | 49 (96.1) | 0 | 2 (3.9) | 0.7–14.6 | |
Total | 223 | 204 (91.5) | 7 (3.1) | 12 (5.4) | 3–9.4 | |
Mixed infection | Dog | 172 | 168 (97.7) | 2 (1.2) | 2 (1.2) | 0.2–4.6 |
Cat | 51 | 50 (98) | 0 | 1 (2) | 0.1–11.8 | |
Total | 223 | 218 (97.8) | 2 (0.9) | 3 (1.3) | 0.4–4.2 |
T. gondii | N. caninum | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species and Breed | No. Tested | No. Positive (%) | 95% CI * | No. Positive (%) | 95% CI |
Dog (n = 172) | |||||
Native Baladi | 75 | 11 (14.7) | 8–25.2 | 6 (8) | 3.3–17.2 |
German Shepherd | 47 | 21 (44.7) | 30.5–59.8 | 0 | 0–9.4 |
Rottweiler | 7 | 1 (14.3) | 0.8–58.0 | 1 (14.3) | 0.75–58 |
Doberman | 5 | 1 (20) | 1.1–70.1 | 0 | 0–53.7 |
Pitbull | 7 | 1 (14.3) | 0.8–58 | 0 | 0–43.9 |
Husky | 3 | 2 (66.7) | 12.5–98.2 | 1 (33.3) | 1.8–87.5 |
Boxer | 4 | 0 | 0–60.4 | 0 | 0–60.42 |
Griffon Bruxellois | 4 | 1 (25) | 1.3–78.1 | 0 | 0–60.4 |
Mixed breed | 5 | 2 (40) | 7.3–83 | 0 | 0–94.5 |
Belgian Malinois | 4 | 1 (25) | 1.3–78.1 | 0 | 0–60.4 |
Golden Retriever | 7 | 0 | 0–43.9 | 1 (14.3) | 0.8–58 |
Mixed pitbull | 1 | 0 | 0–94.5 | 0 | 0–94.5 |
Labrador | 3 | 0 | 0–69 | 0 | 0–69 |
Great Dane | 1 | 0 | 0–94.5 | 1 (100) | 5.5–100 |
Cat (n = 51) | |||||
Native Baladi | 12 | 0 | 0–30.1 | 1 (8.3) | 0.4–40.2 |
Persian | 30 | 2 (6.7) | 1.2–23.5 | 0 | 0–14.1 |
Siamese | 4 | 2 (50) | 9.2–90.8 | 1 (25) | 1.3–78.1 |
Turkish Angora | 2 | 0 | 0–80.2 | 0 | 0–80.2 |
British Longhair | 1 | 1 (100) | 5.5–100 | 0 | 0–94.5 |
Mixed breed | 2 | 0 | 0–80.2 | 0 | 0–80.2 |
Analyzed Factor | No. of Tested | No. of Negative (%) | No. of Positive (%) | OR (95% CI) # | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||||
<1 year | 29 | 23 (79.3) | 6 (20.7) | 0.4 (0.1–1.1) | 0.09 |
1–3 years | 91 | 78 (85.7) | 13 (14.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.6) | 0.0009 |
>3 years | 52 | 31 (69.6) | 21 (40.4) | Ref. | Ref. |
Sex | |||||
Female | 78 | 67 (85.9) | 11 (14.1) | Ref. | Ref. |
Male | 94 | 65 (69.1) | 29 (30.9) | 2.7 (1.3–5.9) | 0.011 |
Location | |||||
Kafr Elsheikh | 50 | 41 (82) | 9 (18) | 1.2 (0.4–3.3) | 1 |
Giza | 50 | 42 (84) | 8 (16) | Ref. | Ref. |
Alexandria | 36 | 20 (55.6) | 16 (44.4) | 4.2 (1.5–11.4) | 0.007 |
Luxor | 13 | 9 (69.23) | 4 (30.8) | 2.3 (0.6–9.5) | 0.249 |
Red Sea | 23 | 20 (87) | 3 (13) | 0.8 (0.2–3.3) | 1 |
Ownership status | |||||
Stray | 81 | 66 (81.5) | 15 (18.5) | Ref. | Ref. |
Companion | 55 | 46 (83.6) | 9 (16.4) | 0.9 (0.3–2.1) | 0.821 |
Watchdog | 36 | 20 (55.6) | 16 (44.4) | 3.5 (1.5–8.4) | 0.006 |
Breeds | |||||
Native Baladi | 75 | 64 (85.3) | 11 (14.7) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) | 0.0006 |
German Shepherd | 47 | 26 (55.3) | 21 (44.7) | Ref. | Ref. |
Others | 50 | 42 (84) | 8 (16) | 0.2 (0.1–0.6) | 0.0035 |
Variables | Native Baladi Dogs (n = 75) | German Shepherd (n = 47) | Other Breeds (n = 50) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. Tested | No. Negative (%) | No. Positive (%) | OR (95% CI) # | p-Value * | No. Tested | No. Negative (%) | No. Positive (%) | OR (95% CI) # | p-Value * | No. Tested | No. Negative (%) | No. Positive (%) | OR (95% CI) # | p-Value * | |
Age | |||||||||||||||
<1 year | 18 | 14 (77.8) | 4 (22.2) | 1.4 (0.2–9.4) | 1 | 2 | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | 0.9 (0.05–15.3) | 1 | 9 | 8 (88.9) | 1 (11.1) | 0.2 (0.04–1.3) | 0.165 |
1–3 years | 45 | 40 (88.9) | 5 (11.1) | 0.6 (0.1–3.7) | 0.63 | 17 | 12 (70.6) | 5 (29.4) | 0.4 (0.1–1.3) | 0.135 | 29 | 26 (89.7) | 3 (10.3) | 0.3 (0.02–2.8) | 0.338 |
>3 years | 12 | 10 (83.3) | 2 (16.7) | Ref. | Ref. | 28 | 13 (46.4) | 15 (53.6) | Ref. | Ref. | 12 | 8 (66.7) | 4 (33.3) | Ref. | Ref. |
Sex | |||||||||||||||
Male | 27 | 21 (77.8) | 6 (22.2) | 2.5 (0.7–9) | 0.188 | 37 | 17 (45.9) | 20 (54.1) | 10.6 (1.2–92.3) | 0.015 | 30 | 27 (90) | 3 (10) | 0.3 (0.07–1.6) | 0.24 |
Female | 48 | 43 (89.6) | 5 (10.4) | Ref. | Ref. | 10 | 9 (90) | 1 (10) | Ref. | Ref. | 20 | 15 (75) | 5 (25) | Ref. | Ref. |
Ownership | |||||||||||||||
Stray | 69 | 58 (84.1) | 11 (15.9) | Ref. | Ref. | 3 | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | Ref. | Ref. | 9 | 5 (55.6) | 4 (44.4) | Ref. | Ref. |
Companion | 6 | 6 (100) | 0 | 0.4 (0.02–7.4) | 0.538 | 14 | 9 (64.3) | 5 (35.7) | 1.1 (0.08–15.5) | 1 | 35 | 31 (88.6) | 4 (11.4) | 0.2 (0.03–0.9) | 0.042 |
Watchdog | 0 | - | - | - | - | 30 | 15 (50) | 15 (50) | 2 (0.2–24.5) | 1 | 6 | 5 (83.3) | 1 (16.7) | 0.3 (0.02–3.1) | 0.58 |
Location | |||||||||||||||
Kafr Elsheikh | 0 | - | - | - | - | 14 | 9 (64.3) | 5 (35.7)_ | Ref. | Ref. | 36 | 32 (88.9) | 4 (11.1) | 0.04 (0.003–0.5) | 0.013 |
Giza | 45 | 40 (88.8) | 5 (11.1) | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | 1 (100) | 0 | 0.6 (0.02–16.7) | 1 | 4 | 1 (25) | 3 (75) | Ref. | Ref. |
Alexandria | 0 | - | - | - | - | 30 | 15 (50) | 15 (50) | 1.8 (0.5–6.7) | 0.519 | 6 | 5 (83.3) | 1 (16.7) | 0.07 (0.003–1.5) | 0.19 |
Luxor | 6 | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | 4 (0.6–27.7) | 0.186 | 2 | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | 1.8 (0.1–35.5) | 1 | 5 | 4 (80) | 1 (20) | 0.08 (0.004–1.9) | 0.206 |
Red Sea | 23 | 20 (87) | 3 (23) | 1.2 (0.3–5.5) | 1 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
Protozoa | Host * | Governorate | No. Tested | No. Positive (%) | Test | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T. gondii | Stray, companion & Watchdogs | 5 Governorates | 172 | 40 (23.3) | Indirect ELISA | Current study |
T. gondii | Owned cat | 4 Governorates | 51 | 5 (9.8) | Indirect ELISA | Current study |
T. gondii | Household cats | Giza | 212 | 82 (38.67) | RCIA * | [23] |
T. gondii | Stray and household cats | Giza, Minofyia, Red Sea | 240 | IgM; 35% & 33.33%, IgG; 55% & 53.33% in stray & household cats, respectively | On site rapid test | [24] |
T. gondii | Feral cats | Giza | 158 | 154 (97.4) | MAT * | [22] |
T. gondii | Dogs | Cairo | 82 | 38 (46.5) | Dye test * | [25] |
T. gondii | Stray dogs | Cairo | 43 | 12 (28) | Dye test | [26] |
T. gondii | Stray dogs | Giza | 51 | 50 ( 98.0) | MAT | [3] |
N. caninum | Stray dogs | Unknown/Egypt | 29 | 8 (27.6) | DAT | [27] |
N. caninum | Stray, companion & watchdogs | 5 Governorates | 172 | 10 (5.8) | Competitive ELISA | Current study |
N. caninum | Owned cat | 4 Governorates | 51 | 2 (3.9) | Competitive ELISA | Current study |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Salama, D.B.; Fereig, R.M.; Abdelbaky, H.H.; Shahat, M.S.; Arafa, W.M.; Aboelhadid, S.M.; Mohamed, A.E.A.; Metwally, S.; Abas, O.; Suo, X.; et al. Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum Antibodies in Dogs and Cats from Egypt and Risk Factor Analysis. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121464
Salama DB, Fereig RM, Abdelbaky HH, Shahat MS, Arafa WM, Aboelhadid SM, Mohamed AEA, Metwally S, Abas O, Suo X, et al. Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum Antibodies in Dogs and Cats from Egypt and Risk Factor Analysis. Pathogens. 2022; 11(12):1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121464
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalama, Dina B., Ragab M. Fereig, Hanan H. Abdelbaky, Moshera S. Shahat, Waleed M. Arafa, Shawky M. Aboelhadid, Adel E.A. Mohamed, Samy Metwally, Osama Abas, Xun Suo, and et al. 2022. "Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum Antibodies in Dogs and Cats from Egypt and Risk Factor Analysis" Pathogens 11, no. 12: 1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121464
APA StyleSalama, D. B., Fereig, R. M., Abdelbaky, H. H., Shahat, M. S., Arafa, W. M., Aboelhadid, S. M., Mohamed, A. E. A., Metwally, S., Abas, O., Suo, X., Gupta, N., & Frey, C. F. (2022). Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum Antibodies in Dogs and Cats from Egypt and Risk Factor Analysis. Pathogens, 11(12), 1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121464