Pathotype Characterization of Plasmodiophora brassicae, the Cause of Clubroot in Central Europe and Sweden (2016–2020)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Clubroot Survey and Collection of P. brassicae Isolates
2.2. Virulence Phenotyping of Differential Sets
2.3. Pathotype Identification, Frequency, and Distribution
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Clubroot in the Czech Republic
3.1.1. Disease Occurrence and Severity
Pathotype Classification 3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Isolate | Region 1 | Soil pH | Frequency of OSR in a Rotation (Years) | Mean Value of DI per Region in Clubroot-Infested Fields (%) 2 | ECD Code | Somé 1996 | DSI on OSR cv. Mendel |
1 | MR | 5.61 | 4 | 11.91 ± 9.23 | 16/10/00 | P4 | 0 |
2 | MR | 6.80 | 4 | 16/15/29 | P2 | 25 | |
3 | MR | 6.20 | 4 | 16/15/08 | P6 | 20 | |
4 | MR | 5.82 | 3 | 16/06/25 | P3 | 12 | |
5 | MR | 5.65 | 4 | 16/06/12 | P3 | 0 | |
6 | MR | 5.73 | 4 | 16/14/24 | P3 | 22 | |
7 | MR | 6.77 | 4 | 16/10/00 | P3 | 4 | |
8 | MR | 6.74 | 4 | 16/06/12 | P3 | 12 | |
9 | MR | 6.21 | 3 | 16/04/00 | P4 | 0 | |
10 | MR | 6.76 | 4 | 16/14/13 | P3 | 9 |
3.1.2. Pathotypes of Plasmodiophora brassicae in the Czech Republic
3.2. Clubroot in Germany
3.2.1. Disease Occurrence and Severity
Pathotype Classification 3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Isolate | Federal State 1 | Soil pH | Frequency of OSR in a Rotation (Years) | Mean Value of DI per Region in Clubroot-Infested Field (%) 2 | ECD Code | Somé 1996 | DSI on OSR cv. Mendel |
1 | HE | 6.39 | 5 | 36.9 ± 15.1 | 17/31/31 | P1 | 9 |
2 | HE | 5.89 | 4 | 19/31/31 | P1 (+) | 100 | |
3 | HE | 6.44 | 3 | 16/31/31 | P1 (+) | 100 | |
4 | HE | 5.48 | 2 | 24/31/27 | P1 (+) | 95 | |
5 | HE | 5.73 | 4 | 16/31/31 | P1 (+) | 100 | |
6 | HE | 6.96 | 4 | 16/28/30 | P5 | 0 | |
7 | HE | 6.19 | 3 | 16/03/31 | P2 | 12 | |
8 | HE | 5.11 | 3 | 17/22/31 | P5 | 17 | |
9 | NI | 5.20 | 2 | 40.5 ± 18.7 | 16/23/30 | P1 (+) | 65 |
10 | NI | 5.72 | 4 | 16/31/31 | P1 (+) | 75 | |
11 | NI | 6.30 | 3 | 16/14/21 | P3 | 0 | |
12 | NI | 6.02 | 4 | 16/012/31 | P3 | 5 | |
13 | NI | 6.39 | 2 | 16/31/31 | P1 | 10 | |
14 | NI | 6.23 | 3 | 17/31/31 | P1 (+) | 90 | |
15 | NI | 5.76 | 5 | 16/31/31 | P1 | 10 | |
16 | NI | 5.78 | 5 | 16/31/31 | P1 | 0 | |
17 | NI | 6.90 | 5 | 16/30/31 | P3 | 22 | |
18 | NI | 6.20 | 3 | 17/31/31 | P1 (+) | 60 | |
19 | NI | 6.60 | 3 | 16/06/12 | P3 | 12 | |
20 | MV | 6.73 | 2 | 51.1 ± 24.7 | 16/31/12 | P1 | 87 |
21 | MV | 6.25 | 3 | 16/14/30 | P3 | 0 | |
22 | MV | 5.90 | 3 | 16/31/30 | P1 | 25 | |
23 | MV | 6.30 | 5 | 16/31/12 | P1 | 5 | |
24 | MV | 5.80 | 3 | 16/31/30 | P1 | 15 | |
25 | MV | 6.70 | 3 | 16/31/31 | P1 | 10 | |
26 | MV | 6.20 | 3 | 16/31/30 | P1 | 15 | |
27 | MV | 5.86 | 3 | 16/31/31 | P1 | 8 | |
28 | MV | 6.40 | 4 | 16/31/30 | P1 | 12 | |
29 | NW | 5.51 | 4 | 22.5 ± 3.5 | 17/31/31 | P1 | 8 |
30 | NW | 6.45 | 4 | 16/15/31 | P3 (+) | 80 | |
31 | RP | 6.50 | 5 | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 16/06/30 | P3 | 0 |
32 | SN | 5.71 | 4 | 55.0 ± 14.1 | 16/02/30 | P3 | 15 |
33 | SN | 6.30 | 3 | 16/31/31 | P1 | 25 | |
34 | SH | 5.27 | 3 | 41.3 ± 13.6 | 16/31/31 | P1 (+) | 100 |
35 | SH | 6.80 | 4 | 16/31/30 | P1 | 18 | |
36 | SH | 6.50 | 3 | 16/31/30 | P1 | 12 | |
37 | SH | 6.15 | 3 | 16/14/31 | P3 | 0 | |
38 | SH | 6.25 | 3 | 16/31/30 | P1 | 35 | |
39 | SH | 6.36 | 3 | 16/31/31 | P1 | 25 | |
40 | SH | 5.72 | 3 | 16/31/30 | P1 (+) | 100 | |
41 | SH | 6.75 | 3 | 16/02/30 | P3 (+) | 45 |
3.2.2. Pathotypes of Plasmodiophora brassicae in Germany
3.3. Clubroot in Poland
3.3.1. Disease Occurrence and Severity
Frequency of OSR in a Rotation (Years) | Mean Value of DI per Region in Clubroot-Infested Field (%) 2 | Pathotype Classification 3 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Isolate | Region 1 | Soil pH | ECD Code | Somé 1996 | DSI on OSR cv. Mendel | ||
1 | KP | 6.6 | 4 | 25 | 21/31/15 | P1 | 22 |
2 | LP | 6.7 | 3 | 25 | 31/15/31 | P2 (+) | 81 |
3 | LS | 6.5 | 2 | 11.5 ± 4.9 | 16/14/15 | P3 | 12 |
4 | LS | 6.6 | 3 | 16.06.2012 | P3 | 4 | |
5 | LU | 5.9 | 3 | 26.5 ± 6.4 | 16/31/31 | P1 | 20 |
6 | LU | 6.7 | 3 | 31/15/31 | P2 (+) | 100 | |
7 | LU | 6.6 | 3 | 31/31/15 | P1 (+) | 75 | |
8 | MZ | 6.5 | 4 | 7 | 16.06.2029 | P4 | 17 |
9 | OP | 6.7 | 3 | 29 ± 19.8 | 31/31/15 | P1 (+) | 36 |
10 | OP | 6.5 | 4 | 31/15/15 | P2 | 0 | |
11 | PD | 6.5 | 4 | 16 | 21/31/31 | P1 (+) | 86 |
12 | PM | 6.8 | 3 | 22.5 ± 13.4 | 16/15/31 | P2 | 22 |
13 | PM | 6.7 | 2 | 16/14/15 | P3 | 31 | |
14 | SC | 6.2 | 3 | 20.7 ± 8.0 | 31/31/31 | P1 (+) | 82 |
15 | SC | 6.5 | 3 | 28/15/09 | P2 (+) | 78 | |
16 | SC | 6.8 | 4 | 31/31/31 | P1 (+) | 100 | |
17 | SL | 6.1 | 3 | 14 | 20/15/15 | P2 | 0 |
18 | VM | 5.9 | 2 | 27.6 ± 17.3 | 16/15/08 | P2 | 0 |
19 | VM | 6.4 | 3 | 16/15/31 | P2 (+) | 100 | |
20 | VM | 5.9 | 4 | 26/15/31 | P2 (+) | 100 | |
21 | VM | 6.6 | 3 | 31/15/31 | P2 (+) | 93 | |
22 | VM | 6.2 | 3 | 31/31/31 | P1 (+) | 75 | |
23 | WP | 6.3 | 1 | 60.3 ± 8.08 | 30/31/24 | P1 (+) | 43 |
24 | WP | 6.1 | 3 | 30/31/26 | P1 (+) | 100 | |
25 | WP | 6.3 | 3 | 31/31/31 | P1 (+) | 100 |
3.3.2. Pathotypes of Plasmodiophora brassicae in Poland
3.4. Clubroot in Sweden
3.4.1. Disease Occurrence and Severity
Frequency of OSR in a Rotation (Years) | Mean Value of DI per Region in Clubroot-Infested Fields (%) 3 | Pathotype Classification 4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Isolate 1 | Region 2 | Soil pH | ECD Code | Somé 1996 | DSI on OSR cv. Mendel | ||
1 | NA | 6.1 | 6 | 100 ± 0.0 | 16/23/28 | P1 | 8 |
2 | NA | 6.4 | 6 | 16/23/29 | P1 | 27 | |
3 | SC | 6.5 | 4 | 47.56 ± 19.76 | 16/31/31 | P1 (+) | 47 |
4 | SC | 6.5 | 4 | 16/23/29 | P1 | 22 | |
5 | SC | 6.9 | 4 | 16/31/31 | P1 (+) | 75 | |
6 | SC | 6.9 | 4 | 16/31/31 | P1 (+) | 57 | |
7 | SC | 6.9 | 4 | 16/31/31 | P1 (+) | 63 | |
8 | SC | 6.9 | 4 | 16/31/28 | P1 (+) | 43 |
3.4.2. Pathotypes of Plasmodiophora brassicae in Sweden
3.5. Clubroot in Central Europe and Sweden
3.5.1. Disease Occurrence and Severity
3.5.2. Pathotypes of Plasmodiophora brassicae
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pathotypes 1 | Czech Republic (n = 10) | Germany (n = 41) | Poland (n = 25) | Sweden (n = 8) |
---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | 0 | 44 | 8 | 50 |
P2 | 10 | 2 | 16 | 0 |
P3 | 60 | 20 | 12 | 0 |
P4 | 20 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
P5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
P6 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
P7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
P8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
P1 (+) | 0 | 24 | 36 | 50 |
P2 (+) | 0 | 0 | 24 | 0 |
P3 (+) | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Pathotypes 1 | Czech Republic (n = 10) | Germany (n = 41) | Poland (n=25) | Sweden (n = 8) |
---|---|---|---|---|
16/02/30 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
16/03/31 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
16/04/00 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
16/06/25 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
16/06/12 | 20 | 2 | 4 | 0 |
16/06/29 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
16/06/30 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
16/10/00 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
16/12/31 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
16/14/13 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
16/14/15 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
16/14/21 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
16/14/24 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
16/14/30 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
16/14/31 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
16/15/08 | 10 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
16/15/29 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
16/15/31 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 0 |
16/23/28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 |
16/23/29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 |
16/23/30 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
16/28/30 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
16/30/31 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
16/31/12 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
16/31/28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 |
16/31/30 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
16/31/31 | 0 | 27 | 4 | 50 |
17/22/31 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
17/31/31 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
19/31/31 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
20/15/15 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
21/31/15 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
21/31/31 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
24/31/27 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
26/15/31 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
28/15/09 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
30/31/24 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
30/31/26 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
31/15/15 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
31/15/31 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
31/31/15 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
31/31/31 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 |
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Zamani-Noor, N.; Wallenhammar, A.-C.; Kaczmarek, J.; Patar, U.R.; Zouhar, M.; Manasova, M.; Jędryczka, M. Pathotype Characterization of Plasmodiophora brassicae, the Cause of Clubroot in Central Europe and Sweden (2016–2020). Pathogens 2022, 11, 1440. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121440
Zamani-Noor N, Wallenhammar A-C, Kaczmarek J, Patar UR, Zouhar M, Manasova M, Jędryczka M. Pathotype Characterization of Plasmodiophora brassicae, the Cause of Clubroot in Central Europe and Sweden (2016–2020). Pathogens. 2022; 11(12):1440. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121440
Chicago/Turabian StyleZamani-Noor, Nazanin, Ann-Charlotte Wallenhammar, Joanna Kaczmarek, Usha Rani Patar, Miloslav Zouhar, Marie Manasova, and Małgorzata Jędryczka. 2022. "Pathotype Characterization of Plasmodiophora brassicae, the Cause of Clubroot in Central Europe and Sweden (2016–2020)" Pathogens 11, no. 12: 1440. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121440