Simultaneous Infection of Elaphostrongylus Nematode Species and Parasite Sharing between Sympatrically Occurring Cervids: Moose, Roe Deer, and Red Deer in Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Occurrence of Elaphostrongylus Species in Moose Populations
2.2. Simultaneous Infection with Elaphostrongylus Species in Sympatrically Occurring Cervids
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Data Collection and Genetic Analyses
4.2. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Population | No. Males | Males | No. Females | Females | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. Positive | % (CI) | No. Positive | % (CI) | ||||
SRO | 7 | 4 | 57.1 (25.0–60.3) | 10 | 3 | 30.0 (10.8–60.3) | 0.264 |
LDZ | 8 | 5 | 62.5 (30.6–86.3) | 11 | 3 | 27.3 (9.8–56.6) | 0.125 |
NPN | 9 | 6 | 66.7 (35.4–87.9) | 7 | 6 | 85.7 (48.7–97.4) | 0.383 |
KPN | 3 | 1 | 33.3 (6.2–79.2) | 18 | 7 | 38.9 (20.3–61.4) | 0.854 |
RDZ | 13 | 8 | 61.5 (35.5–82.3) | 7 | 4 | 57.2 (25.0– 84.2) | 0.848 |
GWL | 13 | 8 | 61.5 (35.5–82.3) | 20 | 4 | 20.0 (8.1–41.6) | 0.015 |
PPN | 15 | 9 | 60.0 (35.8–80.2) | 23 | 15 | 65.2 (44.9–81.2) | 0.745 |
BPN * | 26 | 16 | 61.5 (42.5–77.6) | 27 | 10 | 37.04 (21.5–55.8) | 0.075 |
All | 94 | 57 | 60.6 (50.5–69.9) | 123 | 42 | 34.1 (26.4–42.9) | 0.0001 |
Population | No. Males | Males | No. Females | Females | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. Positive | % (CI) | No. Positive | % (CI) | ||||
SRO | 7 | 3 | 42.9 (15.8–75.0) | 10 | 2 | 20.0 (5.7–51.0) | 0.311 |
LDZ | 8 | 2 | 25.0 (7.2–59.2) | 11 | 1 | 9.1 (1.6–37.7) | 0.348 |
NPN | 9 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | − |
KPN | 3 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 3 | 16.7 (5.8–39.2) | 0.459 |
RDZ | 13 | 2 | 15.4 (4.3–42.2) | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0.275 |
GWL | 13 | 4 | 30.8 (12.7–57.6) | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0.008 |
PPN | 15 | 3 | 20.0 (7.0–45.2) | 23 | 4 | 17.4 (7.0–37.1) | 0.839 |
BPN * | 26 | 7 | 26.9 (13.7–46.1) | 27 | 5 | 18.5 (8.2–36.7) | 0.465 |
All | 94 | 21 | 22.3 (15.1–31.8) | 123 | 15 | 12.2 (7.5–19.2) | 0.046 |
Pop. | No. Sample | No Parasite Species | One Parasite Species | Two Parasite Species | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. Negative | % (CI) | No. Positive | % (CI) | No. Positive | % (CI) | ||
SRO | 17 | 7 | 41.2 (21.6–64.0) | 8 | 47.0 (26.2–69.0) | 2 | 11.8 (3.3–34.3) |
LDZ | 19 | 11 | 57.9 (36.3–76.9) | 5 | 26.3 (11.8–48.8) | 3 | 15.8 (5.5–37.6) |
NPN | 16 | 4 | 25.0 (10.2–49.5) | 12 | 75.0 (50.5–89.8) | 0 | 0 |
KPN | 21 | 12 | 57.2 (36.6–75.5) | 7 | 33.3 (17.2–54.6) | 2 | 9.5 (2.7–28.9) |
RDZ | 20 | 7 | 35.0 (18.1–56.7) | 12 | 60.0 (38.7–78.1) | 1 | 5.0 (0.9–28.9) |
GWL | 33 | 21 | 63.6 (46.6–77.8) | 8 | 24.3 (12.8–41.0) | 4 | 12.1 (4.8–27.3) |
PPN | 38 | 11 | 29.0 (17.0–44.8) | 23 | 60.5 (44.7–74.4) | 4 | 10.5 (4.2–24.1) |
BPN * | 53 | 21 | 39.6 (27.6–53.1) | 26 | 49.1 (36.1–62.1) | 6 | 11.3 (5.3–22.6) |
All | 217 | 94 | 43.4 (36.9–50.0) | 101 | 46.5 (40.0–53.2) | 22 | 10.1 (6.8–14.9) |
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Świsłocka, M.; Ratkiewicz, M.; Borkowska, A. Simultaneous Infection of Elaphostrongylus Nematode Species and Parasite Sharing between Sympatrically Occurring Cervids: Moose, Roe Deer, and Red Deer in Poland. Pathogens 2021, 10, 1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101344
Świsłocka M, Ratkiewicz M, Borkowska A. Simultaneous Infection of Elaphostrongylus Nematode Species and Parasite Sharing between Sympatrically Occurring Cervids: Moose, Roe Deer, and Red Deer in Poland. Pathogens. 2021; 10(10):1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101344
Chicago/Turabian StyleŚwisłocka, Magdalena, Mirosław Ratkiewicz, and Anetta Borkowska. 2021. "Simultaneous Infection of Elaphostrongylus Nematode Species and Parasite Sharing between Sympatrically Occurring Cervids: Moose, Roe Deer, and Red Deer in Poland" Pathogens 10, no. 10: 1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101344