Intensive West Nile Virus Circulation in Serbia in 2018—Results of Integrated Surveillance Program
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. WNV Surveillance Program
4.2. Serological Surveillance of Sentinel Horses
4.3. WNV Surveillance in Wild Birds and Mosquitoes
4.4. WNV Genome Detection by Molecular Methods
4.5. Human Cases
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region–District (NUTS3 Units) | Horses-Blood Sera forAnti-WNV IgM Ab | Mosquitoes(Culex pipiens) | Wild Birds (Tissues and Tracheal Swabs) | Human Cases * | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tested | Positive | First Positive Reported | Tested Pools | Positive Pools | First Pos. Pool Reported | Tested | Positive | First Positive Reported | First Case Reported | Total No Cases | |
Central Banat | 160 | 4 | 30/08 | 71 | 19 | 19/06 | 3 | 0 | / | 16/07 | 6 (5) |
North Bačka | 160 | 9 | 13/07 | 71 | 13 | 21/06 | 5 | 1 | 28/08 | / | - |
North Banat | 80 | 1 | 07/08 | 31 | 7 | 22/06 | 0 | 0 | / | 30/07 | 6 (6) |
South Bačka | 160 | 3 | 30/06 | 67 | 12 | 19/06 | 21 | 3 | 20/06 | 02/07 | 56 (50) |
South Banat | 161 | 1 | 27/07 | 66 | 15 | 19/06 | 54 | 1 | 01/07 | 02/07 | 54 (50) |
Srem | 160 | 2 | 31/07 | 48 | 4 | 19/06 | 4 | 0 | / | 16/07 | 14 (14) |
West Bačka | 160 | 4 | 13/07 | 75 | 16 | 21/06 | 25 | 0 | / | 30/07 | 7 (6) |
City of Belgrade | 161 | 4 | 15/07 ** | 41 | 10 | 31/07 | 52 | 4 | 31/07 | 02/07 | 213 (197) |
Bor | 80 | 0 | / | 20 | 0 | / | 3 | 0 | / | 25/09 | 1 (1) |
Braničevo | 115 | 0 | / | 40 | 0 | / | 29 | 0 | / | 06/08 | 21 (11) |
Jablanica | 80 | 0 | / | 20 | 0 | / | 0 | 0 | / | / | - |
Kolubara | 80 | 1 | 11/07 | / | / | / | 20 | 2 | 04/10 | 21/08 | 8 (2) |
Mačva | 158 | 7 | 30/07 | 16 | 4 | 06/08 | 30 | 2 | 16/11 | 21/08 | 1 (1) |
Moravica | 51 | 0 | / | 22 | 1 | 11/07 | 0 | 0 | / | / | - |
Nišava | 80 | 0 | / | 20 | 0 | / | 0 | 0 | / | / | - |
Pčinja | 80 | 0 | / | 20 | 0 | / | 0 | 0 | / | / | - |
Pirot | 80 | 0 | / | 20 | 0 | / | 0 | 0 | / | / | - |
Podunavlje | 63 | 0 | / | 40 | 1 | 27/08 | 27 | 4 | 06/10 | 09/07 | 19 (17) |
Pomoravlje | 53 | 2 | 30/08 | 20 | 2 | 14/08 | 3 | 1 | 11/09 | 11/09 | 3 (3) |
Rasina | 41 | 1 | 31/07 | 20 | 0 | / | 1 | 0 | / | 02/10 | 1 (0) |
Raška | 87 | 0 | / | 40 | 3 | 29/06 | 20 | 3 | 13/08 | 28/08 | 1 (0) |
Šumadija | 61 | 5 | 18/08 | 20 | 0 | / | 0 | 0 | / | 25/09 | 2 (1) |
Toplica | 80 | 0 | / | 20 | 0 | / | 0 | 0 | / | / | - |
Zaječar | 80 | 0 | / | 20 | 0 | / | 4 | 0 | / | / | - |
Zlatibor | 40 | 0 | / | 18 | 0 | / | 0 | 0 | / | 28/08 | 2 (1) |
25 | 2511 | 44 | 846 | 107 | 301 | 21 | 415 (365) | ||||
% | 1.75 | 12.65 | 6.98 |
June | July | August | September | October | November/December | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Horses tested | 587 | 648 | 646 | 630 | nd | nd | 2511 |
Horses WNV IgM Ab positive | 7 (1.19%) | 18 (2.78%) | 14 (2.17%) | 5 (0.76%) | nd | nd | 44 (1.75%) |
Districts with WNV IgM positive horses | 4 (16%) | 8 (32%) | 7 (28%) | 3 (12%) | nd | nd | 13 (52%) |
Mosquito pools tested | 214 | 392 | 240 | nd | nd | nd | 846 |
Mosquito pools WNV positive | 24 (11.21%) | 59 (15.05%) | 24 (10%) | nd | nd | nd | 107 (12.65%) |
Districts with WNV positive mosquito pools | 8 (32%) | 11 (44%) | 8 (32%) | nd | nd | nd | 13 (52%) |
Wild birds tested | 13 | 27 | 81 | 53 | 57 | 70 | 301 |
Wild birds WNV positive | 2 (15.39%) | 2 (7.41%) | 3 (3.7%) | 4 (7.55%) | 5 (8.77%) | 5 (7.14%) | 21 (6.98%) |
Districts with WNV positive wild birds | 1 (4%) | 2 (8%) | 3 (12%) | 3 (12%) | 3 (12%) | 2 (8%) | 9 (36%) |
Lower-Risk Districts | Higher-Risk Districts | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Testing of sentinel horses for WNV IgM antibodies (ELISA) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sentinel horses |
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RT-qPCR detection of WNV in natural reservoirs and vectors | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wild birds |
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Mosquitoes (Culex pipiens) |
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Sampling strategy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sampling distribution | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
Horses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mosquitoes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wild birds |
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Petrović, T.; Šekler, M.; Petrić, D.; Vidanović, D.; Debeljak, Z.; Lazić, G.; Lupulović, D.; Kavran, M.; Samojlović, M.; Ignjatović Ćupina, A.; et al. Intensive West Nile Virus Circulation in Serbia in 2018—Results of Integrated Surveillance Program. Pathogens 2021, 10, 1294. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101294
Petrović T, Šekler M, Petrić D, Vidanović D, Debeljak Z, Lazić G, Lupulović D, Kavran M, Samojlović M, Ignjatović Ćupina A, et al. Intensive West Nile Virus Circulation in Serbia in 2018—Results of Integrated Surveillance Program. Pathogens. 2021; 10(10):1294. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101294
Chicago/Turabian StylePetrović, Tamaš, Milanko Šekler, Dušan Petrić, Dejan Vidanović, Zoran Debeljak, Gospava Lazić, Diana Lupulović, Mihaela Kavran, Milena Samojlović, Aleksandra Ignjatović Ćupina, and et al. 2021. "Intensive West Nile Virus Circulation in Serbia in 2018—Results of Integrated Surveillance Program" Pathogens 10, no. 10: 1294. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101294