Non-Bovine Species and the Risk to Effective Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) in Cattle
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus in Non-Bovine Species
2.1. Sheep
BVDV Strain | Cause of Infection | Outcome | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
BVDV-1 and -2 | Unknown natural infection | Antibody and virus detected, lambs with low birth weight, poor growth, sporadic abortions | [62] |
MD | Experimental infection via intravenous inoculation | Antibody response in ewes, poor lambing rates, PI lamb born | [37] |
BVDV-2 | Unknown natural infection | Abortions | [38,58] |
BVDV | Experimental infection via intravenous inoculation | Antibody response in ewes, high rate of abortions and fetal deaths, low birth weights of lambs | [42] |
BVDV | Experimental infection via inoculation | Arthrogryposis, brachygnathia, anasarca, porencephaly, hydrancephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, leukoencephalomalacic lesions, | [45] |
BVDV-2 | Experimental infection via intravenous and intranasal inoculation | Antibody response and severe ulcerative placentitis in ewes, poor lambing rates, birth of PI lamb | [32] |
BVDV-1c | Experimental infection by subcutaneous inoculation | Antibody response in ewes, poor lambing rates, birth of PI lamb | [41,43] |
BVDV-1 a, b | Natural transmission from cattle | Weak lambs and mandibular brachygnathia | [55] |
BVDV-1 | Natural transmission from cattle | Serial generation of PI individuals (cattle–sheep–cattle–sheep) | [40] |
2.2. Goats
BVDV Strain | Cause of Infection | Outcome | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
BVDV-1 | Unknown natural infection | Antibody and virus detected, kids with low birth weight, poor growth, sporadic abortions | [62] |
BVDV-1 | Natural transmission, possibly from cattle | PI goat kid detected | [76] |
BVDV | Experimental infection via intramuscular inoculation | Antibody response in does, high rate of reproductive failure | [77] |
BVDV | Infected vaccine | Antibody response in does, severe reproductive failure | [68] |
BVDV-1 | Natural infection via experimental exposure to PI calf | Antibody response in does, high rate of abortion, two PI kids | [33] |
BVDV-1 | Natural infection via exposure to PI goat | Antibody response in does, development of PI kids | [33] |
BVDV-1b | Natural infection via experimental exposure to PI calf | Antibody response | [66] |
BVDV-2a | Natural infection via experimental exposure to PI calf | Antibody response | [66] |
2.3. Camelids
Species | Strain | Cause of Infection | Outcome | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alpaca | BVDV | Natural infection | Antibodies to BVDV detected | [35] |
BVDV-1b | Natural infection | Anorexia and lethargy in acutely infected animals, abortion, birth of PI cria | [83] | |
BVDV-1 | Natural infection | Persistent infection of cria | [84] | |
BVDV-1 | Natural infection | Antibodies to BVDV detected, stillbirths, congenital disease and stunted growth of cria | [92] | |
BVDV | Natural infection | Antibodies to BVDV detected | [80] | |
BVDV-1b | Natural infection via experimental exposure to PI alpaca | Antibodies to BVDV detected, mild clinical signs including nasal discharge and elevated body temp | [93] | |
BVDV-1c | Natural infection via experimental exposure to PI heifer | Antibodies to BVDV and viral antigen detected, no clinical signs | [79] | |
Llama | BVDV-1 | Experimental infection | Antibodies to BVDV detected, no signs of disease, abortion | [82] |
Camel | BVDV | Natural infection | 58.7% of camels tested in Turkey (n = 92) were positive for BVDV antibodies | [87] |
BVDV | Natural infection | Twenty seven of the 137 camels (19.7%) in Iran positive for BVDV antibodies | [89] | |
BVDV | Natural infection | Abortions and uterine infection, conception failure, repeat breeding | [90] |
2.4. Other Ungulate Species
3. Non-Bovine Pestiviruses in Cattle
Pestivirus Species | BVDV Strain | Cause of Infection | Outcome | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
BDV | BDV | Experimental inoculation | Antibody response in heifers, abortion, severe growth retardation of fetuses | [124] |
BDV-1a | Mating with BDV PI bull | Antibody response and low pregnancy rate in heifers | [125] | |
BDV | Mixed grazing with sheep | Antibody response in cattle | [49] | |
BDV | Experimental infection by oral inoculation | Antibody response in one calf | [148] | |
BDV | Co-mingling with PI sheep | Antibody response in calves | [148] | |
BDV-3 | Natural transmission from PI sheep | Antibody response in heifers, >50% abortion rate and the birth of a PI calf | [133] | |
BDV | Natural transmission from PI calf | Antibody response in heifers, virus positive fetuses | [132] | |
Hobi-like | Natural infection via experimental exposure to PI heifer | Antibody response, lymphopenia | [149] | |
Experimental infection | Antibody response, fever, abortion, calves with bloody diarrhoea, birth of PI calf | [144] | ||
Natural infection | Fever, cough, nasal discharge, elevated pulse and respiration rates, leukopenia and death in calves | [139] | ||
SV478/07 | Experimental infection | Antibody response, fever, lymphopenia, anorexia, diarrhoea, respiratory sigs, ocular discharge | [150] | |
SV757/15 | Experimental infection | Antibody response, fever and lymphopenia | [150] |
4. Threats to BVDV Control in Cattle
Country | Cattle Population [151] | Prevalence of BVD in Cattle | Non-Bovine Pestiviruses Reported | Extensively Managed Non-Bovine Ungulates | Wild/Feral Non-Bovine Ungulates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia | 26.4 million | 86–89% (herd) [152,153] | BDV [154] Bungowannah virus [2] | Sheep (64 million) [155] Alpaca (350,000) [156] Goats (516,000) [157] Deer (44,000) [158] | Goats (4–6 million) [157] Pigs (24 million) [159] Camels (1 million) [160] Deer (2 million) [161] Buffalo (187,000) [162] |
New Zealand | 10.1 million | 58–63% (ind) [163,164] 41–46% (herd) [165] | BDV [125] | Sheep (27.3 million) [166] Alpaca (26,000) [167] Deer (1 million) [168] | Pigs (110,000) [168] Deer (250,000) [169] |
United Kingdom | 9.89 million | England and Wales 5% (herd) [170] Scotland 73% (herd) [171] | BDV [127] | Sheep (33.8 million) [166] Alpaca (45,000) [156] Goats (104,000) [166] Deer (36,000) [172] | Pigs (low hundreds) [173] Deer (2 million) [174] Goats (3500) [173] |
United States of America | 94.3 million | 69% (ind) 91% (herd) [175] | BDV [176] | Sheep (5.3 million) [177] Alpaca (350,000) [156] Goats (2.7 million) [177] Bison (184,000) [177] Deer (212,500) [177] | Pigs (6 million) [178] Deer (11 million) [179] Bison (40,000) [180] |
Brazil | 213.5 million | 49–56% (ind) [181,182] | Hobi-like [135,136] CSFV [183,184] | Sheep (18.9 million) [166] Goats (10.7 million) [166] Buffalo (1.39 million) [166] | Deer (unknown) Pigs (unknown) |
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Evans, C.A.; Reichel, M.P. Non-Bovine Species and the Risk to Effective Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) in Cattle. Pathogens 2021, 10, 1263. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101263
Evans CA, Reichel MP. Non-Bovine Species and the Risk to Effective Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) in Cattle. Pathogens. 2021; 10(10):1263. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101263
Chicago/Turabian StyleEvans, Caitlin A., and Michael P. Reichel. 2021. "Non-Bovine Species and the Risk to Effective Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) in Cattle" Pathogens 10, no. 10: 1263. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101263