The Effects of Gentrification on the Elderly: A Case Study in the City of Cáceres
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Gentrification Process
- Gentrification by tourism dispossession. Appropriation by tourism of the real estate market in addition to the common areas.
- Gentrification by commercial and symbolic exclusion. Policies focused on attracting and creating products for tourism imply a modification of the urban environment, which is not typically related to the needs of the original citizens, making it impossible for residents to relate to the new local commerce.
- Gentrification everywhere. This category refers to the dispersion of gentrification in Spain that has moved beyond the large cities to reach less accessible regions that had not been considered previously (Janoschka et al. 2014).
Gentrification and Aging
3. Case Study
3.1. The Emergence of New Tourist Destinations: Cáceres
3.2. Neighborhoods Analysis: Gentrification and the Elderly
4. Materials and Methods
5. Results
5.1. The Effects of the Neighborhood’s Business on Older People
When I come from the activity workshop … There is a supermarket there but is very expensive, and the shops are also those that offer a bit of everything.(Woman, 67 years old, GN)
Ah, yes, there is nothing to buy. You have to take the car and go to Mercadona [big supermarket] or Eroski [hypermarket]. There are two or three local shops but come on, to do a shop, a real shopping … you have to go outside it is the thing we do not have around here.(Woman, 65 years old, GN)
… I have everything and more, all kinds of shops … anyway, if I do not want to leave the neighborhood, I do not leave, I am very good here I am very happy.(Women, 73 years old, NGN)
I always buy fruit, fish, and meat in the neighborhood. I see it like that, in the big supermarkets, I barely buy those kinds of products. Here is my butcher, my fruit seller, and my daughters order me the fruit, it is very good fruit.(Women, 65 years old, NGN)
5.2. Elderly’s Interaction with Their Social Space
Well, then a little further down there is a small square with two shops … a multi-store and a small shop, yes, but in my street, there were two multi-store, and they were removed, and now there are no bars or anything. We had movement when there was a Civil Guard [Police] headquarters, but a few years ago it was closed, and … very lonely, the truth is that we are very lonely. … No, I do not have any neighbors. So I am telling you, there are times when I miss them, I mean the neighbors … who help you out … I tell you, I’m there all alone.(Woman, 70 years old, GN)
[…] But I think that there are houses inherited from children to grandchildren and are outside, and they are not interested in doing anything with those houses. So, it would be good that there was someone who cared about those houses because there are many old people, so they are dying, and there are many floors and many empty houses left.(Woman, 67 years old, GN)
This street is very [stresses the “very”] quiet … I have no neighbors. I have no neighbors! There’s one or two … and nothing. There used to be some [neighbors] there, but they were older, the older ones died, and the young ones left, and it was with them that I had the most relationship. But nothing else. There I have Tomás who has the printing press and another neighbor who doesn’t live either … the closest neighbor is Feli. On the way back, I had a very good neighbor, Ana, but she also died, very young. The husband also died, the son is gone … Anyway, no, I have no neighbors.(Women, 71 years old, GN)
Very quiet, and everyone already knows each other because after so many years, well, I come here [to the bar] and I know that lady, I know this one, I know this one [the bartender], I know everyone because I always come to the same place.(Woman, 76 years old, NGN)
Yes, yes, I know that boy very well because he has been working here in this supermarket for many years. And he took care of me very well, and he still takes care of me very well, because he is there [in another supermarket in the same neighborhood]. … I am going as if it were my home, you know.(Woman, 72 years old, NGN)
Well, look, I have four … five … [neighbors] and the rest are all rented to young guys because they are students. So, what you see is that more kids are studying, so we do not have much of a relationship in the community because I am not going to make friends with the students!(Woman, 70 years old, NGN)
5.3. The Importance of Activities for the Elderly: Where and How They Are Carried Out
Yes, not me, my daughter takes me [in a car] every month when I get paid, she takes me to the … Mercadona [a supermarket] and I bring everything, you know what I mean. … Yes, my daughter takes me, and I bring everything, even I bring bread … I also bring it, I freeze it, and I take it out. Sometimes, I buy some oranges there in Las Claras [a multi-store in the neighborhood], if I need them if I don’t need anything, then nothing, and that is it.(Woman, 84 years old, GN)
If there is weight, I tell my son, and if not I have already threatened to say: “Look I’m going to go to Tambo on the first of the month” [supermarket outside the neighborhood] which is where I buy “and I’m going to make the order and have them bring it to me.” “Mom, but then you have to go up the stairs and so on,” and I tell him, “Well, they can take it up to my house, and that’s it.” You give a tip, and it is ok, I am here for the moment, but I don’t have the strength I used to have, you know?(Woman, 73 years old, GN)
Because I used to walk a lot around here in Cánovas Avenue, which is very comfortable but you know what happens, you go up “Hello man,” you go down “Hi man.” And I said no … I have to take another path. And I took it … I go straight walking there [new areas of Cáceres] because as it is all flat … and you don’t see people there, at least not familiar people.(Male, 77 years old, NGN)
But now as I go with the girl [her granddaughter] and with the cart, you know what I do, I go along San Pedro Street [pedestrian street outside her neighborhood], I see storefronts, then maybe I go to Antonio Hurtado, and from Antonio Hurtado, I go again to Cánovas Avenue because it’s already down [streets outside her neighborhood].(Woman, 70 years old, GN)
It’s a wonder. I leave the house at 8:30 or 8:35 for the gymnastics we start at 9:00. But when I go from my house until there, it’s 2 km. When I come back, it’s another 2 km. It’s already 4 km more after the exercise you do there [in the gymnastics activity], you know? It’s great!(Woman, 67 years old, GN)
When I go [to the activity], I go very tired because it is a bit far, and everything is uphill, and when I get there, I go like … [fatigued].(Woman, 84 years old, GN)
-[Interviewed] I’ve thought about going to the Athenaeum [a cultural association], playing the Athenaeum, but I’m a little lazy. This [nursing home where she has her classes] is next door.
-[Interviewer] And the Athenaeum, where is it?
-[Interviewed] On the side of the main square [in the GN]. It’s very far away.(Woman, 80 years old, NGN)
5.4. The Perception of the Neighborhood: The Use Made of the Environment
5.4.1. Religious Activity
I’m going to the Plaza Mayor [GN], I’m going to see the Virgin of the Mountain come down. I go for a couple of days. It’s hard for me, I have to sit on benches because I can’t do everything at once, but I’m going to see the Virgin of the Mountain, yes.(Woman, 75 years old, NGN)
5.4.2. Cultural Activities
Yes, but well, we go to the park in the morning, and we always move around this circle, but then in summer, I go to the classical theatre. When they play films in the forum of the Balbos, I also go. If they do something special in the old quarter, I also go.(Man, 71 years old; NGN)
5.4.3. Tourist Activities
I really like the old part a lot. Whenever someone comes, usually not by myself, I don’t go either, but when someone from family or friends comes, I always, always bring them to the old part, always! It is obligatory!(Woman, 73 years old, NGN)
6. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1 | The World Health Organization (WHO) formalized the term active aging at the institutional level as “the process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation and security in order to improve the quality of life of older persons” (WHO 2002, p. 12). |
2 | The World Health Organization (WHO) describes the concept Healthy Aging as “the process of developing and maintaining functional capacity that enables well-being in old age” (WHO 2019, p. 1). |
3 | |
4 |
Number of Establishments | Number of Places Offered | |
---|---|---|
Hotel Accommodation | 34 | 2406 |
Extra Hotel Accommodation | 111 | 1195 |
Restaurants | 194 | 17,837 |
Total | 339 | 21,438 |
Categories | Codes |
---|---|
Commerce | Variety. Prices. |
Interaction | Trusted networks. Inhabited homes. |
Activity | Dependence on family members. Place where they carry out the activities. |
Environment | Perception of the everyday environment. Perception of the environment as alien. |
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Domínguez-Parraga, L. The Effects of Gentrification on the Elderly: A Case Study in the City of Cáceres. Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9090154
Domínguez-Parraga L. The Effects of Gentrification on the Elderly: A Case Study in the City of Cáceres. Social Sciences. 2020; 9(9):154. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9090154
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomínguez-Parraga, Lidia. 2020. "The Effects of Gentrification on the Elderly: A Case Study in the City of Cáceres" Social Sciences 9, no. 9: 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9090154