Measuring Peripherality as a Proxy for Autonomous Community Coping Capacity: A Case Study from Bua Province, Fiji Islands, for Improving Climate Change Adaptation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Study Area
3. Methods
4. Results and Analysis
4.1. Measuring Peripherality by Distance along the Core–Periphery Gradient in Bua
4.2. Identifying Proxy Measures of Peripherality for Bua Communities
4.3. Development of Peripherality Indices
5. Discussion
5.1. Relating Indices A–C to Distance along Core–Periphery Gradient
5.2. Insights from Mapping Indices A–C
5.3. Linking Peripherality to Autonomous Community Coping Capacity
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Detailed Results
Appendix A.1. Population and Economy
Number | Community | Population (Total and % ≤ 21 and % > 65) | Persons Employed Fulltime | Average Household Income (Fiji$/US$) 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Dalomo | 62 | 31 | 11 | 2 | 7200 | 4536 |
2 | Denimanu | 208 | 32 | 18 | 2 | 10,000 | 6300 |
3 | Driti | 125 | 53 | 4 | 1 | 10,000 | 6300 |
4 | Galoa | 262 | 37 | 9 | 1 | 10,000 | 6300 |
5 | Koroinasolo | 300 | 17 | 12 | 1 | 3000 | 1890 |
6 | Lekutu | 200 | 33 | 20 | 90 | 3500 | 2205 |
7 | Logana | 20 | 30 | 50 | 0 | 4000 | 2520 |
8 | Naivaka | 204 | 50 | 10 | 1 | 1250 | 787.5 |
9 | Naviqiri | 188 | 39 | 14 | 1 | 4000 | 2520 |
10 | Navunievu | 63 | 33 | 25 | 0 | 2000 | 1260 |
11 | Tacilevu | 155 | 52 | 8 | 2 | 6240 | 3931.2 |
12 | Tausa | 33 | 33 | 12 | 0 | 7500 | 4725 |
13 | Yaqaga | 189 | 35 | 6 | 1 | 2000 | 1260 |
Appendix A.2. Transport and Infrastructure
Number | Community | Usual One-Way Travel Time and Cost to Labasa (Full-Service) Hospital | Usual One-Way Travel Time and Cost to Nabouwalu (Limited-Service) Hospital | Number of Times Per Household/Year Western Healthcare Is Accessed | Number of Times Per Household/Year That Traditional Medicine Is Used | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hours | Fiji$ | US$ | Hours | Fiji$ | US$ | ||||
1 | Dalomo | 3.5 | 10 | 6 | 1 | 8 | 5 | 2 | 48 |
2 | Denimanu | 6 | 85 | 54 | 4.5 | 100 | 63 | 3 | 240 |
3 | Driti | 4 | 50 | 32 | 1 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 60 |
4 | Galoa | 3.5 | 28 | 18 | 3.5 | 28 | 18 | 2 | 180 |
5 | Koroinasolo 1 | 5-8 | 25–70 | 16–44 | 3.5 | 20–50 | 13–32 | 4.5 | 180 |
6 | Lekutu | 2.5 | 7.5 | 5 | 2.5 | 7.5 | 5 | 3 | 96 |
7 | Logana | 5.5 | 68 | 43 | 4 | 50 | 32 | 3 | 200 |
8 | Naivaka | 5 | 60 | 38 | 4.5 | 55 | 35 | 2 | 60 |
9 | Naviqiri | 4 | 33 | 21 | 3.5 | 30 | 19 | 4 | 144 |
10 | Navunievu | 3.8 | 40 | 25 | 2.5 | 30 | 19 | 4 | 60 |
11 | Tacilevu | 3.8 | 40 | 25 | 2.5 | 30 | 19 | 3 | 48 |
12 | Tausa | 3.5 | 10 | 6 | 1 | 8 | 5 | 3.5 | 84 |
13 | Yaqaga | 4.5 | 43 | 27 | 4.5 | 43 | 27 | 4 | 180 |
Appendix A.3. Government Services and Education
Appendix A.4. Health
Appendix A.5. Communications and Technology
Appendix A.6. Culture, Tradition and Religion
Appendix A.7. Climate, Natural Disaster Prediction and Response
Appendix A.8. Diet and Food Production
Appendix B. Calculation of Indices A–C
Appendix B.1. Index 1: Geography
Appendix B.2. Index 2: Population and Employment
Appendix B.3. Index 3: Tradition and Global Awareness
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1 | Kava (Piper methysticum) is used to make the eponymous drink, widely consumed socially and ceremonially in Fiji, and increasingly valued as an export crop. |
2 | Most common uses of traditional medicine are heart attack, diabetes, hypertension, kidney problems, epilepsy, diarrhoea, fever, fever in infants, asthma, headache, migraine, toothache, choking on bones, abscesses, treating burns, muscle and joint pain, sprain, cough, stroke, tuberculosis, Crown of Thorns starfish sting, constipation, cracked heels, gashes from coral, undescended testicles, eczema, mumps, cervical cancer, common cold and stomach ache. |
3 | Note that the arithmetic changes to the sum of A and B first require that the lower bound is set to zero (the lowest possible score is 0.6 + 0.6 = 1.2) by subtracting 1.2 from the total. Then to make the total out of 5, scores are in this case divided by 0.96. |
4 | Note that the arithmetic changes to the sum of A and B and C first require that the lower bound is set to zero (the lowest possible score is 0.6 + 0.6 + 0.6 = 1.8) by subtracting 1.8 from the total. Then to make the total out of 5, scores are in this case divided by 1.44. |
5 | Note that the arithmetic changes to the sum of A and B and C and D and E first require that the lower bound is set to zero (the lowest possible score is 1.5 × 5 = 7.5) by subtracting 7.5 from the total. Then to make the total out of 5, scores are in this case divided by 1.5. |
Number | Community | Straight-Line Distance to Labasa Market (km) | Components of Travel to Labasa Market (km) | Actual (Unweighted) Distance to Labasa Market (km) | Weighted Distance to Labasa Market (km) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sealed Road | Unsealed Road | Boat | |||||
1 | Dalomo | 90 | 97.5 | 6 | 0 | 103.5 | 109.5 |
2 | Denimanu | 118.5 | 97.5 | 6 | 35.8 | 139.3 | 216.9 |
3 | Driti | 84.6 | 106 | 14 | 0 | 120 | 134 |
4 | Galoa | 75.5 | 80.5 | 0 | 11.5 | 92 | 115 |
5 | Koroinasolo | 95.5 | 97.5 | 19 | 0 | 116.5 | 135.5 |
6 | Lekutu | 78 | 80.5 | 0 | 0 | 80.5 | 80.5 |
7 | Logana | 102 | 97.5 | 6 | 23 | 126.5 | 178.5 |
8 | Naivaka | 92.5 | 80.5 | 21 | 15.5 | 117 | 169 |
9 | Naviqiri | 86 | 80.5 | 21 | 0 | 101.5 | 122.5 |
10 | Navunievu | 95.5 | 97.5 | 15.5 | 0 | 113 | 128.5 |
11 | Tacilevu | 96.5 | 97.5 | 15 | 0 | 112.5 | 127.5 |
12 | Tausa | 91 | 97.5 | 6 | 0 | 103.5 | 109.5 |
13 | Yaqaga | 84.5 | 80.5 | 0 | 25 | 105.5 | 155.5 |
Community | Index 1 | Index 2 | Index 3 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1A | 1B | Index 1 | 2A | 2B | 2C | Index 2 | 3A | 3B | 3C | 3D | 3E | Index 3 | |
Dalomo | 1.80 | 1.80 | 2.50 | 0.75 | 1.80 | 0.75 | 1.04 | 2.20 | 2.50 | 2.25 | 2.43 | 2.25 | 2.76 |
Denimanu | 0.75 | 0.60 | 0.16 | 1.80 | 0.90 | 0.75 | 1.15 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 1.87 | 2.06 | 2.55 | 2.66 |
Driti | 1.80 | 0.75 | 1.41 | 0.90 | 3.00 | 0.75 | 1.98 | 1.80 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 2.25 | 2.70 | 2.83 |
Galoa | 1.80 | 0.90 | 1.56 | 3.00 | 1.80 | 0.75 | 2.60 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.87 | 2.43 | 2.70 | 1.67 |
Koroinasolo | 0.60 | 0.75 | 0.16 | 3.00 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 1.88 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 2.43 | 2.55 | 1.32 |
Lekutu | 3.00 | 3.00 | 5.00 | 1.80 | 0.90 | 3.00 | 2.71 | 3.00 | 1.75 | 2.25 | 3.00 | 2.40 | 3.26 |
Logana | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.31 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.00 | 1.80 | 1.50 | 1.87 | 1.69 | 2.70 | 1.37 |
Naivaka | 0.90 | 0.75 | 0.47 | 1.80 | 3.00 | 0.75 | 2.60 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.87 | 1.87 | 1.80 | 0.70 |
Naviqiri | 1.80 | 0.90 | 1.56 | 1.80 | 1.80 | 0.75 | 1.77 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.87 | 2.25 | 2.25 | 1.25 |
Navunievu | 1.80 | 0.90 | 1.56 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.60 | 0.21 | 1.80 | 2.00 | 1.87 | 2.25 | 2.10 | 1.68 |
Tacilevu | 1.80 | 0.90 | 1.56 | 1.80 | 3.00 | 0.75 | 2.60 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 1.87 | 2.25 | 2.55 | 2.78 |
Tausa | 1.80 | 1.80 | 2.50 | 0.75 | 1.80 | 0.60 | 0.94 | 2.20 | 2.00 | 2.62 | 1.87 | 2.40 | 2.40 |
Yaqaga | 0.90 | 0.75 | 0.47 | 1.80 | 1.80 | 0.75 | 1.77 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 2.06 | 2.25 | 0.87 |
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Nunn, P.; Kumar, R. Measuring Peripherality as a Proxy for Autonomous Community Coping Capacity: A Case Study from Bua Province, Fiji Islands, for Improving Climate Change Adaptation. Soc. Sci. 2019, 8, 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8080225
Nunn P, Kumar R. Measuring Peripherality as a Proxy for Autonomous Community Coping Capacity: A Case Study from Bua Province, Fiji Islands, for Improving Climate Change Adaptation. Social Sciences. 2019; 8(8):225. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8080225
Chicago/Turabian StyleNunn, Patrick, and Roselyn Kumar. 2019. "Measuring Peripherality as a Proxy for Autonomous Community Coping Capacity: A Case Study from Bua Province, Fiji Islands, for Improving Climate Change Adaptation" Social Sciences 8, no. 8: 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8080225