Correction: Lee and Choi (2025). Changes in Aggressive Behaviors over Time in Children with Adverse Childhood Experiences: Focusing on the Role of School Connectedness. Social Sciences 14: 385

Missing Citation

In the original publication (Lee and Choi 2025), Zhang and Mersky (2022) was not cited. The citation has now been inserted in 5.2. Measures, 5.2.1. Adverse Childhood Experiences, Paragraph Three and should read:

Parental substance use questions concerned whether mothers or fathers reported having four or more drinks and any of five types of drugs (e.g., cocaine and heroin) or misuse of prescription drugs (e.g., sedatives and tranquilizers) in the past 12 months. Parental incarceration was measured by whether the mother, father, or mother’s current partner had spent any time in prison or jail. Sample questions of parental domestic violence were whether a spouse or intimate partner “tried to keep you from seeing or talking to your friends or family” and “tried to make you have sex or do sexual things.” For parental mental illness, questions that measured parental anxiety and depression were used. Parental divorce and separation were created to indicate that the child’s parents were separated or divorced. The reliability of ACEs across three waves was at a moderate level (α = 0.72). Cumulative ACEs were calculated by summing up the ACE score at each wave. The coding to create cumulative ACEs adopted the work done by Zhang and Mersky (2022). Overall, the mean numbers of ACEs from Year 5 to Year 15 decreased over time with a slight increase at Year 9 (Y5: m = 0.72, sd = 1.14; Y9: m = 0.73, sd = 1.06; and Y15: m = 0.64, sd = 0.96). The study participants were grouped by the number of ACEs they experienced at baseline into two groups: the low-risk ACE group for those who experienced three or fewer ACEs (n = 2926) and the high-risk ACE group for those with four or more ACEs (n = 1305).

Add a reference

Zhang, Lixia, and Joshua P. Mersky. 2022. Bidirectional Relations between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Children’s Behavioral Problems. Child Adolescent Social Worker Journal 39: 183–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-020-00720-1.

With this correction, the order of some references has been adjusted accordingly.

Add Acknowledgements

We thank Lixia Zhang (Kent School of Social Work and Family Science, University of Louisville; lixia.zhang@louisville.edu) for providing her Adverse Childhood Experience data file that contains the original coding of the ACE items to compute the total ACE score.

The authors state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. This correction was approved by the Academic Editor. The original publication has also been updated.