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Article

A 21st Century Take on Racial-Ethnic Socialization: Patterns of Competency and Content among Diverse Parents of Color

by
N. Keita Christophe
1,*,
Gabriela Livas Stein
2,
Lisa Kiang
1,
Natasha C. Johnson
3,
Shawn C. T. Jones
4,
Howard C. Stevenson
5,
Nkemka Anyiwo
5 and
Riana E. Anderson
3
1
Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
2
Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
3
School of Public Health, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
4
Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
5
Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(2), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020088
Submission received: 31 October 2021 / Revised: 2 February 2022 / Accepted: 12 February 2022 / Published: 21 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parenting in the 21st Century)
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Abstract

Racial-ethnic socialization is a process where parents pass beliefs and behaviors to their children, including critical reflections on race and racism. Currently, it is not well known across racial/ethnic groups in the U.S how parents’ socialization competency (confidence, skills, and stress surrounding the delivery of racial-ethnic socialization) coalesces with the frequency with which they deliver different types of socialization messages (socialization content). The current study utilizes latent profile analysis to examine racial-ethnic socialization content and competency patterns among 203 Black, 194 Latinx, and 188 Asian American parents (n = 585, Mage = 44.46, SD = 9.14, 59.70% mothers) with children 10–18 years old (Mage = 14.30, SD = 2.49, 50.3% female). Furthermore, we relate profiles to sociodemographic and relevant factors posited to impact socialization competency and content delivery, namely, discrimination and critical consciousness dimensions (reflection, motivation, action). We observed three parental profiles: Less Prepared Stressed Low Frequency (LPSLF; n = 285), Prepared Low Stress Frequent (PLSF; n = 204), and Prepared Stressed Frequent (PSF; n = 96) socializers. Profile differences emerged on parental and youth sociodemographic factors, lifetime discrimination exposure, and each parental critical consciousness dimension. This study lays a foundation for the combined study of racial-ethnic socialization competence and content in diverse groups, a practice crucial to understanding 21st century parenting.
Keywords: racial-ethnic socialization; critical consciousness; competency; latent profile analysis racial-ethnic socialization; critical consciousness; competency; latent profile analysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Christophe, N.K.; Stein, G.L.; Kiang, L.; Johnson, N.C.; Jones, S.C.T.; Stevenson, H.C.; Anyiwo, N.; Anderson, R.E. A 21st Century Take on Racial-Ethnic Socialization: Patterns of Competency and Content among Diverse Parents of Color. Soc. Sci. 2022, 11, 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020088

AMA Style

Christophe NK, Stein GL, Kiang L, Johnson NC, Jones SCT, Stevenson HC, Anyiwo N, Anderson RE. A 21st Century Take on Racial-Ethnic Socialization: Patterns of Competency and Content among Diverse Parents of Color. Social Sciences. 2022; 11(2):88. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020088

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christophe, N. Keita, Gabriela Livas Stein, Lisa Kiang, Natasha C. Johnson, Shawn C. T. Jones, Howard C. Stevenson, Nkemka Anyiwo, and Riana E. Anderson. 2022. "A 21st Century Take on Racial-Ethnic Socialization: Patterns of Competency and Content among Diverse Parents of Color" Social Sciences 11, no. 2: 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020088

APA Style

Christophe, N. K., Stein, G. L., Kiang, L., Johnson, N. C., Jones, S. C. T., Stevenson, H. C., Anyiwo, N., & Anderson, R. E. (2022). A 21st Century Take on Racial-Ethnic Socialization: Patterns of Competency and Content among Diverse Parents of Color. Social Sciences, 11(2), 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020088

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