A 21st Century Take on Racial-Ethnic Socialization: Patterns of Competency and Content among Diverse Parents of Color
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Generational Progression of Research on Racial-Ethnic Socialization
1.2. RES in Families of Color
1.2.1. RES Content Profiles
1.2.2. Factors Associated with RES Content
1.2.3. The Need to Examine Critical Consciousness in the Context of Parental RES
1.3. The Evolution of RES through a Focus on Competency
1.3.1. What Comprises RES Competency?
1.3.2. Why Does RES Competency Matter?
1.3.3. A Person-Centered Approach to RES Competency
1.3.4. The Need to Study RES Content and Competency across Diverse Populations
2. Current Study
3. Method
3.1. Participants
3.2. Procedure
3.3. Measures
3.3.1. Profile Indicators
RES Competency
RES Content Frequency
3.3.2. Variables Tested for Profile Differences
Parent and Youth Sociodemographics
Parental Critical Consciousness Dimensions
Parental Lifetime Discrimination
4. Results
4.1. Analytic Plan
4.2. Initial Descriptive Statistics
4.3. Identifying Profiles
4.4. Mean-Level Profile Differences
4.4.1. Parent and Youth Sociodemographics
4.4.2. Parent Critical Consciousness and Discrimination
5. Discussion
5.1. Less Prepared Stressed Low Frequency Socializers
5.2. Prepared Low Stress Frequent Socializers
5.3. Prepared Stressed Frequent Socializers
5.4. Limitations and Future Research
5.5. Implications for Parenting in the 21st Century
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
1 | From here on and throughout the paper, when we refer to the content of RES, we are referring to the frequency with which parents communicate different types of messages (i.e., messages with different substantive content) to their children. |
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Profiles | AIC | BIC | Sample Size Adjusted BIC | LRT (p) | Entropy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 15,632.59 | 15,768.11 | 15,669.69 | 963.33 (<0.001) | 0.87 |
3 | 15,168.56 | 15,352.17 | 15,218.83 | 479.19 (0.049) | 0.88 |
4 | 14,837.01 | 15,068.70 | 14,900.45 | 348.58 (0.091) | 0.88 |
5 | 14,626.60 | 14,906.38 | 14,703.20 | 229.14 (0.427) | 0.86 |
Parental Variables | LPSLF n = 285 | PLSF n = 204 | PSF n = 96 | Differences | χ2 (p) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (S.E.) | M (S.E.) | M (S.E.) | |||
Income | 4.139 (0.147) | 3.965 (0.166) | 4.034 (0.276) | None | - |
Education | 4.528 (0.101) | 4.481 (0.108) | 4.359 (0.174) | None | - |
Age | 43.94 (0.52) | 46.09 (0.75) | 42.61 (0.96) | PLSF > LPSLF PLSF > PSF | 5.30 (0.021) 7.90 (0.005) |
Male | 41.9% (0.031) | 40.2% (0.036) | 35.9% (0.055) | None | - |
U.S. Born | 54.4% (0.031) | 74.2% (0.032) | 67.7% (0.054) | PLSF > LPSLF LPSLF < PSF | 18.742 (<0.001) 4.228 (0.040) |
Latinx | 29.6% (0.029) | 34.5% (0.035) | 34.8% (0.054) | None | - |
Asian | 44.1% (0.031) | 22.4% (0.031) | 23.3% (0.049) | PLSF < LPSLF LPSLF > PSF | 23.179 (<0.001) 11.737 (0.001) |
Critical Reflection | 4.003 (0.070) | 4.179 (0.102) | 4.643 (0.150) | PLSF < PSF LPSLF < PSF | 6.346 (0.012) 13.869 (<0.001) |
Critical Motivation | 4.294 (0.061) | 5.146 (0.072) | 5.327 (0.102) | PLSF > LPSLF LPSLF < PSF | 78.742 (<0.001) 69.736 (<0.001) |
Critical Action | 1.868 (0.068) | 1.666 (0.074) | 2.342 (0.165) | PLSF < LPSLF PLSF < PSF LPSLF < PSF | 3.834 (0.050) 13.658 (<0.001) 6.595 (0.010) |
Lifetime Discrimination | 2.453 (0.064) | 2.447 (0.075) | 3.096 (0.134) | PLSF < PSF LPSLF < PSF | 17.289 (<0.001) 17.375 (<0.001) |
Youth Variables | |||||
Age | 14.04 (0.16) | 14.52 (0.18) | 14.59 (0.28) | PLSF > LPSLF | 4.06 (0.044) |
Male | 53.9% (0.031) | 42.7% (0.036) | 52.1% (0.057) | PLSF < LPSLF | 5.314 (0.021) |
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Christophe, N.K.; Stein, G.L.; Kiang, L.; Johnson, N.C.; Jones, S.C.T.; Stevenson, H.C.; Anyiwo, N.; Anderson, R.E. A 21st Century Take on Racial-Ethnic Socialization: Patterns of Competency and Content among Diverse Parents of Color. Soc. Sci. 2022, 11, 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020088
Christophe NK, Stein GL, Kiang L, Johnson NC, Jones SCT, Stevenson HC, Anyiwo N, Anderson RE. A 21st Century Take on Racial-Ethnic Socialization: Patterns of Competency and Content among Diverse Parents of Color. Social Sciences. 2022; 11(2):88. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020088
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristophe, N. Keita, Gabriela Livas Stein, Lisa Kiang, Natasha C. Johnson, Shawn C. T. Jones, Howard C. Stevenson, Nkemka Anyiwo, and Riana E. Anderson. 2022. "A 21st Century Take on Racial-Ethnic Socialization: Patterns of Competency and Content among Diverse Parents of Color" Social Sciences 11, no. 2: 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020088