Understanding Social and Environmental Hazards in Urban Areas: An Analysis from Barranquilla, Colombia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Information about Socioeconomic Characteristics
3.2. Information Related to Socio-Environmental Hazards and Disaster Risk
3.3. Information Related to Actions to Mitigate Socio-Environmental Risk and as to Social Participation
4. Discussion
4.1. Socio-Environmental Context of Vulnerability
4.2. Perceptions about Hazards and Risk Environments
4.3. Social Awareness and Preparedness for Disaster Risks
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
1 | Disaster risk, seen as a latent condition, signifies that communities in such areas often do not invest in their houses or infrastructure. At the same time, many local governments are normatively limited in the investments they can make in their territories. The disaster itself leads to loss of the investments made and little chance of their recovery. |
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Variable | Frequency | % | Variable | Frequency | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Educational level | ||||
Male | 152 | 39 | None | 15 | 3.8 |
Female | 234 | 60 | Elementary | 101 | 25.8 |
Monthly incomes (USD) * | Baccalaureate | 174 | 44.5 | ||
$0–103.23 | 131 | 33.5 | Technical study | 62 | 15.9 |
$104–213.61 | 138 | 35.3 | Undergraduate | 14 | 3.6 |
$214–438.71 | 76 | 19.4 | Graduate | 24 | 6.1 |
>$439 | 14 | 3.6 | Good quality of life | ||
SISBEN ** | Not | 156 | 39.9 | ||
Not | 98 | 25.1 | Yes | 232 | 59.3 |
Yes | 292 | 74.7 |
Items | Mean | Dev. Est. | Median |
---|---|---|---|
Quality in public services | 5.9 | 2.8 | 6 |
Closeness to the workplace | 6.1 | 3.4 | 7 |
Closeness to health services | 7.0 | 2.6 | 8 |
Access to public transportation | 8.0 | 2.5 | 9 * |
Closeness to education services | 8.4 | 2.1 | 9 * |
Feeling of security | 4.4 | 3.1 | 4 |
Cultural activities | 4.5 | 3.3 | 4 * |
Relationship with neighbours | 8.1 | 2.5 | 9 |
Closeness to recreation areas such as parks or courts | 7.4 | 3.1 | 9 * |
Environmental Hazards | Social Hazards | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Q | % | Variable | Q | % |
Fires | Drug addiction | ||||
Never | 266 | 68.0 | Never | 26 | 6.8 |
Sometimes | 112 | 28.6 | Sometimes | 33 | 8.6 |
Frequently | 10 | 2.6 | Frequently | 323 | 84.6 |
Urban streams | Sexual abuse | ||||
Never | 145 | 37.1 | Never | 240 | 61.4 |
Sometimes | 94 | 24.0 | Sometimes | 125 | 32.0 |
Frequently | 152 | 38.9 | Frequently | 22 | 5.6 |
Earthquakes | Robbery | ||||
Never | 355 | 90.8 | Never | 34 | 8.7 |
Sometimes | 36 | 9.2 | Sometimes | 111 | 28.4 |
Landslides | Frequently | 246 | 62.9 | ||
Never | 360 | 92.1 | Homicides | ||
Sometimes | 28 | 7.2 | Never | 121 | 30.9 |
Frequently | 3 | 0.8 | Sometimes | 174 | 44.5 |
Vector diseases | Frequently | 95 | 24.3 | ||
Never | 159 | 40.7 | |||
Sometimes | 156 | 39.9 | |||
Frequently | 68 | 17.4 |
Dependent Variable | Good Quality of Life | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted (Bivariate) | Adjusted (Multivariate) | |||||||
Independent Variables | Coef. | Std. Err. | z | P > z | Coef. | Std. Err. | z | P > z |
Fires | −0.07480 | 0.136 | −0.55 | 0.584 | ||||
Urban streams | −0.76361 | 0.129 | −5.89 | 0.000 * | −0.77290 | 0.138 | −5.57 | 0.000 * |
Earthquake | −0.09057 | 0.391 | −0.23 | 0.817 | ||||
Landslides | −0.60569 | 0.336 | −1.80 | 0.072 *** | −0.13143 | 0.368 | −0.36 | 0.721 |
Homicides | 0.055201 | 0.132 | 0.42 | 0.676 | ||||
Heists | −0.86386 | 0.188 | −4.59 | 0.000 * | −0.98023 | 0.206 | −4.75 | 0.000 * |
Sex_abuse | −0.01474 | 0.012 | −1.14 | 0.255 | ||||
Drugs | −0.01864 | 0.008 | −2.17 | 0.030 ** | −0.01458 | 0.009 | −1.54 | 0.125 |
Illness_vectors | 0.00782 | 0.008 | 0.90 | 0.369 | ||||
_cons | 4.8875 | 0.807 | 6.06 | 0.000 |
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Martínez-González, M.B.; Milanes, C.B.; Moreno-Gómez, J.; Padilla-Llano, S.; Vásquez, A.; Lavell, A.; Saltarín-Jiménez, A.; Suárez, A. Understanding Social and Environmental Hazards in Urban Areas: An Analysis from Barranquilla, Colombia. Soc. Sci. 2021, 10, 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10110411
Martínez-González MB, Milanes CB, Moreno-Gómez J, Padilla-Llano S, Vásquez A, Lavell A, Saltarín-Jiménez A, Suárez A. Understanding Social and Environmental Hazards in Urban Areas: An Analysis from Barranquilla, Colombia. Social Sciences. 2021; 10(11):411. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10110411
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartínez-González, Marina B., Celene B. Milanes, Jorge Moreno-Gómez, Samuel Padilla-Llano, Alex Vásquez, Allan Lavell, Ana Saltarín-Jiménez, and Andrés Suárez. 2021. "Understanding Social and Environmental Hazards in Urban Areas: An Analysis from Barranquilla, Colombia" Social Sciences 10, no. 11: 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10110411