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Article

The Implications of Fremont Pottery in Montana

by
Lawrence Loendorf
1,* and
Kathleen Rodrigues
2
1
Sacred Sites Research, Inc., Albuquerque, NM 87120, USA
2
Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Arts 2025, 14(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/arts14010017
Submission received: 17 December 2024 / Revised: 3 February 2025 / Accepted: 6 February 2025 / Published: 12 February 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rock Art Studies)

Abstract

Fremont pottery was recovered at the Valley of the Shields rock art site in Montana and dated by luminescence at circa A.D. 1500. The Fremont archaeological culture of northern Colorado and Utah is thought to have dispersed circa A.D. 1350, meaning that Montana Fremont pottery appeared late in time. Recent research suggests that the Fremont spoke a Tanoan language, and when they disbanded, major groups moved east to join the Rio Grande Pueblos, while another group, the Kiowa, who spoke a Tanoan language are believed to have moved north to the region around Yellowstone National Park. Importantly, artifacts found with Montana Fremont pottery are made of the same material type that was found in an excavation beneath a panel of Castle Gardens-style rock art figures at Valley of the Shields. These combined discoveries suggest that Montana Fremont pottery is the product of the proto-Kiowa, and they are the most likely group to have made Castle Gardens-style rock art shields.
Keywords: Fremont pottery; luminescence dating; Valley of the Shields; Montana rock art site; Kiowa origins Fremont pottery; luminescence dating; Valley of the Shields; Montana rock art site; Kiowa origins

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MDPI and ACS Style

Loendorf, L.; Rodrigues, K. The Implications of Fremont Pottery in Montana. Arts 2025, 14, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/arts14010017

AMA Style

Loendorf L, Rodrigues K. The Implications of Fremont Pottery in Montana. Arts. 2025; 14(1):17. https://doi.org/10.3390/arts14010017

Chicago/Turabian Style

Loendorf, Lawrence, and Kathleen Rodrigues. 2025. "The Implications of Fremont Pottery in Montana" Arts 14, no. 1: 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/arts14010017

APA Style

Loendorf, L., & Rodrigues, K. (2025). The Implications of Fremont Pottery in Montana. Arts, 14(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/arts14010017

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