Evaluation of the Adhesion between Overlays and Substrates in Concrete Floors: Literature Survey, Recent Non-Destructive and Semi-Destructive Testing Methods, and Research Gaps
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of Recent Non-Destructive and Semi-Destructive Testing Methods Used to Assess the Adhesion between Overlays and Substrates in Concrete Floors
- Fb—the failure load (N)
- Df—the diameter of drilling core (m)
3. Overview of Recent Non-Destructive and Semi-Destructive Testing Methods Used to Assess the Functional Properties of Overlays
3.1. Abrasion Resistance—Boehme Test
- —decrease of volume after 16 cycles (in cubic millimeters)
- —decrease of mass after 16 cycles (in grams)
- —the density of the examined sample, or in the case of multilayer samples, abrasion layer density (in grams per cubic millimeters)
3.2. Subsurface Tensile Strength—Pull-Off Test
- Fb—the failure load (N)
- Df—the diameter of drilling core (m)
3.3. Surface Hardness—The Sclerometric Method
4. Overview of Recent Activities Used to Improve the Pull-Off Adhesion of Overlay with Substrate
- Mechanical treatment of the surface of the substrate;
- Surface texturing;
- Removal of cement laitance from the concrete substrate surface;
- Surface exposure of the aggregate;
- Surface strengthening of the concrete substrate with bonding agents;
- Modifications of the material of the overlay.
4.1. Mechanical Treatment of the Surface of Substrate
4.2. Texturing of the Surface of the Concrete Substrate
4.3. Removal of Cement Laitance from the Concrete Substrate Surface
4.4. Surface Exposure of the Aggregate
4.5. Strengthening of the Surface of the Concrete Substrate with Bonding Agents
4.6. Modifications of the Material of the Overlay
5. Overview of Recent Activities Used to Improve the Functional Properties of the Overlay
6. Perspectives and Research Gaps
7. Conclusions
- Additional research should be carried out in order to assess the influence of modifying a mortar overlay using other nanoparticles on the pull-off adhesion fb between the overlay and the concrete substrate. The functional and mechanical properties (such as abrasion resistance, flexural strength, compressive strength, subsurface tensile strength) of the overlay should be taken into consideration together with the values of pull-off adhesion fb. Julio et al. [130] and Ghazy and Bassuoni [131] used SiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles to increase the shear bond strength between concrete layers. However, there is still a lack of wider research in this field.
- Additional research should be carried out in order to better understand the mechanism of adhesion between an overlay modified with different types of nanoparticles and the concrete substrate on a micro- and nanoscale of observation. The samples taken from the interphase zone between the overlay and the substrate, together with the sample from the subsurface zone of the overlay, should be examined in order to understand and confirm the influence of the addition of nanoparticles on the adhesion and functional and mechanical parameters. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) method can be especially suitable for this purpose.
- Nanoparticles could be successfully used to reduce the porosity of the cementitious material of the overlay in the near surface zone of the mortar overlay, together with proper treatment of the surface of the concrete substrate, to increase the pull-off adhesion fb between these layers. The studies carried out by Sadowski and Stefaniuk [50,53] reported that while decreasing the fraction and number of pores in the near surface zone of the overlay mortar, and increasing these values in the near surface zone of the concrete substrate, the pull-off adhesion fb between these layers increases.
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Compressive strength | Minimum 20 MPa |
Flexural strength | Minimum 5 MPa |
Subsurface tensile strength | Minimum 1.5 MPa |
Abrasion resistance | Maximum 22 cm3 |
Hardness | Determined individually |
Examined Feature | The Kind of Nanoparticle | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | Al2O3 | CuO | TiO2 | ZnO2 | Fe2O3 | Cr2O3 | |
Porosity | + | + | + | + | + | - | + |
Absorptiveness | - | - | - | - | - | + | + |
Water resistance | - | - | - | + | - | - | - |
Freeze-thaw durability | + | + | - | + | - | - | - |
Compressive strength | + | + | + | + | - | + | + |
Tensile strength | + | - | - | - | - | + | + |
Flexural strength | + | + | - | - | + | + | + |
Abrasion resistance | + | + | + | + | - | - | - |
Hardness | + | - | - | - | - | - | + |
Subsurface tensile strength | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Pull-off adhesion between overlay and concrete substrate | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
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Szymanowski, J. Evaluation of the Adhesion between Overlays and Substrates in Concrete Floors: Literature Survey, Recent Non-Destructive and Semi-Destructive Testing Methods, and Research Gaps. Buildings 2019, 9, 203. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9090203
Szymanowski J. Evaluation of the Adhesion between Overlays and Substrates in Concrete Floors: Literature Survey, Recent Non-Destructive and Semi-Destructive Testing Methods, and Research Gaps. Buildings. 2019; 9(9):203. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9090203
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzymanowski, Jacek. 2019. "Evaluation of the Adhesion between Overlays and Substrates in Concrete Floors: Literature Survey, Recent Non-Destructive and Semi-Destructive Testing Methods, and Research Gaps" Buildings 9, no. 9: 203. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9090203