Assessment of the Applicability of Sustainable Epoxy Composites Containing Waste Rubber Aggregates in Buildings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- re-use of tires in the automotive industry after their re-treading,
- energy recycling—using tires as a source of energy,
- the use of entire tires for reinforcing road embankments and reinforcing ground, construction of retaining walls or road culverts,
- material recycling—shredded tires can be used as an admixture for other materials, thus improving their properties (e.g., adhesion, plasticity, thermal resistance, etc.)
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Flexural and Compressive Strength
2.2.2. Bulk Density
- —bulk density, g/cm3
- m—mass of the sample, g
- v—volume of the sample, cm3
2.2.3. Water Absorption
2.2.4. Thermal Insulation
- Layers of the wall:
- external plaster—2 cm (material diversified in variants 1–4),
- wall construction—a 51 cm wall made of full ceramic brick
- 2 cm internal cement and lime plaster.
- Layers of the internal ceiling:
- inner floor—2 cm ceramic tiles on adhesive
- 5 cm cement screed,
- 5 cm chip-cement board,
- ceiling construction—10 cm reinforced concrete slab,
- 2 cm cement and lime plaster.
- Layers of the external balcony:
- 2 cm external floor (material diversified in variants 1–4),
- ceiling construction—10 cm reinforced concrete slab,
- 2 cm cement and lime plaster.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Flexural and Compressive Strength
3.2. Bulk Density
3.3. Water Absorption
3.4. Thermal Insulation
4. Conclusions
- Substitution of aggregates in epoxy mortars results in a lowering of the strength parameters; however, even 100% replacement of sand with granulated rubber granules allows us to obtain a composite that can compete with cement mortars.
- The use of a modifier causes a significant reduction in the mass of composites. The bulk density of control mortar samples is almost twice as high as mortars in which the waste completely replaces the sand.
- An analogous relationship was noted when the feature tested was the heat transfer coefficient λ. The composite with 100% content of waste is characterized by thermal insulation comparable to heat protective mortars.
- The composites obtained as a result of the modification also have very low permeability to water.
- On the basis of numerical simulation, the possibility of applying the mortar was demonstrated, e.g., as a finishing layer for balconies and terraces.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Resin | Density, g/cm3 | Viscosity 25 °C, mPa s | Molecular Weight, g/mol | Epoxide Number EN, mol/100g |
---|---|---|---|---|
Epidian 5 | 1.17 | 30000 | 450 | 0.49 |
Composition, % | Bulk Density, g/cm3 | Flash Point, °C | Color | Solubility |
---|---|---|---|---|
Natural rubber c. 30% SBR 1 c. 40% BR 2 20% IIR/XIIR 3 c. 10% | 1.65 | >350 | Black | insoluble in water, soluble in hydrochloric carbohydrates |
Material | Conduction Coefficient, W/(m⋅K) | Bulk Density, g/cm3 | Specific Heat, J/(kg⋅K) |
---|---|---|---|
Designed composite | 0.114 | 1.20 | 1400 |
Concrete screed | 1.700 | 2.40 | 840 |
Cement and lime plaster | 0.820 | 1.85 | 840 |
Heat-insulating plaster | 0.090 | 1.85 | 840 |
Full ceramic brick wall | 0.770 | 1.80 | 880 |
Reinforced concrete | 1.700 | 2.50 | 840 |
Extruded polystyrene | 0.040 | 0.30 | 1460 |
Ceramic tiles | 1.050 | 2.00 | 920 |
Waste Rubber Content, % vol. | Logarithmic Model y = a·lnx + b | ||
---|---|---|---|
a | b | R2 | |
0 | 0.0718 | −0.0066 | 0.8918 |
20 | 0.0904 | 0.0105 | 0.9007 |
40 | 0.1200 | 0.0023 | 0.8622 |
60 | 0.1737 | 0.0170 | 0.8198 |
80 | 0.3303 | 0.1647 | 0.9167 |
100 | 0.2185 | 0.02562 | 0.8762 |
Material | Conduction Coefficient, W/(m⋅K) |
---|---|
Marble | 3.50 * |
Polished concrete | 1.15–2.00 * |
Ceramic tiles | 1.30 * |
Wood | 0.19–0.30 * |
Resin | 0.12–0.18 * |
Polyvinyl chloride | 0.17 * |
Designed composite | 0.11–0.20 ** |
Extruded polystyrene (example thermal insulation material) | 0.032–0.053 * |
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Dębska, B.; Lichołai, L.; Miąsik, P. Assessment of the Applicability of Sustainable Epoxy Composites Containing Waste Rubber Aggregates in Buildings. Buildings 2019, 9, 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9020031
Dębska B, Lichołai L, Miąsik P. Assessment of the Applicability of Sustainable Epoxy Composites Containing Waste Rubber Aggregates in Buildings. Buildings. 2019; 9(2):31. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9020031
Chicago/Turabian StyleDębska, Bernardeta, Lech Lichołai, and Przemysław Miąsik. 2019. "Assessment of the Applicability of Sustainable Epoxy Composites Containing Waste Rubber Aggregates in Buildings" Buildings 9, no. 2: 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9020031