Phase Change Materials for Building Applications: A Thorough Review and New Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Latent Thermal Energy Storage Systems: Key Elements
2.1. Thermal Comfort: Regulations and International Standards
- The design,
- The conditioning of the building space,
- The ambient relative humidity,
- The speed of the air,
- The overall energy performance of the building,
2.2. Thermal Energy Storage Systems by Latent Heat
- The model design,
- Realization of the simulation system,
- Analysis of the simulation results, in particular: the storage capacity, the efficiency of the charge/release and the heat transfer,
- Make changes to the edges,
- Modeling of the alternative aspect of the system,
- Comparison of the preliminary design with the modified one,
- Implementation of a proposal on the TESS-PCM configuration for a future test.
2.3. Around the Walls of Buildings
- Insulation supplement for the improvement of the inertia of buildings walls,
- Thermal management systems: Passive conditioning, solar power stations, etc.,
- Textile and clothing sector,
- Automotive engine cooling,
- Thermal protection of electronic components and circuits: Electronic chips to avoid act at extreme temperatures.
3. Contribution of PCM to Energy Storage in Buildings
- Materials Studies: Features and reactions:
- ✓
- Thermal transfer optimization by development of new PCMs,
- ✓
- Studies of thermal transfer mechanisms within composite materials (construction materials and PCM),
- ✓
- Analysis of the properties and the state of PCM (the number of melting/solidification cycles that they can undergo without degrading, a good definition of fusion/liquefaction range, potential harmfulness, etc.),
- Transfer systems studies: Design, dimensioning, optimization, etc.,
- Buildings Study: Consumption, comfort, simulation,
- For the production of heat, from raw radiation (principle of the Trombe wall or the solar thermal panel) or concentrated (concentrated solar power plants),
- For direct production of electricity from radiation (photovoltaic solar panel) or concentrated photovoltaic (CPV system).
4. Statistical Analysis
4.1. Researches by Subjects Dealing with PCM in the Building Sector
4.2. Methods of Solving Thermal Differential Equations
- Analytical methods,
- Semi-analytical methods,
- Numerical Methods,
- Hybrid methods (Analytical/Numerical).
- Temperature variation as a function of time,
- Temperature variation as a function of thickness,
- Evolution of the solidification process,
- Evolution of enthalpies.
5. Experimental Study
6. Analytical and Numerical Approaches
- Unidirectional heat equation in a single wall,
- Two dimensional heat equation in a single wall,
- Unidirectional heat equation in the wall, energy balance in a room,
- Two or three dimensional heat equation in the wall, energy balance in a room.
7. Simulation Tools for Integration of PCMs in Buildings
8. Prospective Vision
- The technologies and the applications corresponding to specific climates and buildings’ typologies are not reachable solely by the information published,
- Heat and mass transfer phenomena occur in the building: between the building and the environment, in each building element, between the inhabitants and the building, between air and envelopes and between air of various areas,
- Due to internal and external loads and the complexity of the building as a thermodynamic system, designing buildings with positive energy is very difficult,
- Most PCM studies are geared towards their use, when they are integrated into the building envelope for heating applications and their integration into the envelope of buildings with low thermal inertia for the purpose of improving summer comfort, on the other hand,
- Several results of PCM studies have been tested at the laboratory scale. However, with technological development, computer simulations are performed to study the effect of PCM in real buildings,
- Many materials have been the subject of advanced studies to be used as phase change materials; nevertheless, few are available and marketed today,
- All models in the considered studies are adjusted to a number of constraints, geometry, boundary conditions, initial conditions, working hypotheses and thermal regimes (stationary, quasi-established, variable),
- At present, there are no large capacity latent heat storage facilities. However, many projects are underway, notably in the United States: The Metallic Composites Phase-Change Materials for High-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage project, led by MIT, on molten nanomaterial.
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Percentage | Subject |
---|---|---|
A | 17% | Development of new PCMs |
B | 21% | Treatment of existing PCMs by studying their thermophysical and structural properties and their temperature range of phase transition |
C | 13% | Processing of specific applications and potential technologies using PCMs |
D | 35% | Measurement techniques Study in order to define the thermal properties of Existing PCM |
E | 14% | Incorporation of phase change materials into building elements |
Parameter | Description |
---|---|
Usability | User interface; conducting parametric studies; time for learning and training; simulation run time, help for input (graphical, intuitive, import from a file, …) ability to cut into uniform thermal zones and duplicate data entry |
Prevalence | Availability and Accessibility of documentation, user support, pricing and licensing |
Functionality | Geometric detail of comprehensiveness, Details of system modeling |
Reliability | Stability and accuracy of results |
Sensitivity | Influence of parameters over their uncertainty range and effect of each parameter on the model output data, sensitivity analysis of the predefined parameters characteristic of the design, opportunity to examine the sensitivity of simulation results |
Capability in handling material property | Phase change, variable thermal conductivity, Specific capacity… |
Libraries built into the software | Standard, Full Material Library, possibility of importing, dynamic (definition of walls from library materials, option of creating materials if needed, …), Innovative Products (PCM), Predefined Device Libraries… |
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Madad, A.; Mouhib, T.; Mouhsen, A. Phase Change Materials for Building Applications: A Thorough Review and New Perspectives. Buildings 2018, 8, 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8050063
Madad A, Mouhib T, Mouhsen A. Phase Change Materials for Building Applications: A Thorough Review and New Perspectives. Buildings. 2018; 8(5):63. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8050063
Chicago/Turabian StyleMadad, Abderrahman, Taoufiq Mouhib, and Azeddine Mouhsen. 2018. "Phase Change Materials for Building Applications: A Thorough Review and New Perspectives" Buildings 8, no. 5: 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8050063