Comparative Study on Multi-Objective Optimization Design Patterns for High-Rise Residences in Northwest China Based on Climate Differences

As China’s urbanization rate continues to rise, the scale of high-rise residences also grows, emerging as one of the main sources of building energy consumption and carbon emissions. It is therefore crucial to conduct energy-efficient design tailored to local climate and resource endowments during the schematic design phase. At the same time, consideration should also be given to its impact on economic efficiency and environmental comfort, so as to achieve synergistic optimization of energy, carbon emissions, and economic and environmental performance. This paper focuses on typical high-rise residences in three cities across China’s northwestern region, each with distinct climatic conditions and solar energy resources. The optimization objectives include building energy consumption intensity (BEI), useful daylight illuminance (UDI), life cycle carbon emissions (LCCO₂), and life cycle cost (LCC). The optimization variables include 13 design parameters: building orientation, window–wall ratio, horizontal overhang sun visor length, bedroom width and depth, insulation layer thickness of the non-transparent building envelope, and window type. First, a parametric model of a high-rise residence was created on the Rhino–Grasshopper platform. Through LHS sample extraction, performance simulation, and calculation, a sample dataset was generated that included objective values and design parameter values. Secondly, an SVM prediction model was constructed based on the sample data, which was used as the fitness function of MOPSO to construct a multi-objective optimization model for high-rise residences in different cities. Through iterative operations, the Pareto optimal solution set was obtained, followed by an analysis of the optimization potential of objective performances and the sensitivity of design parameters across different cities. Furthermore, the TOPSIS multi-attribute decision-making method was adopted to screen optimal design patterns for high-rise residences that meet different requirements. After verifying the objective balance of the comprehensive optimal design patterns, the influence of climate differences on objective values and design parameter values was explored, and parametric models of the final design schemes were generated. The results indicate that differences in climatic conditions and solar energy resources can affect the optimal objective values and design variable settings for typical high-rise residences. This paper proposes a building optimization design framework that integrates parametric design, machine learning, and multi-objective optimization, and that explores the impact of climate differences on optimization results, providing a reference for determining design parameters for climate-adaptive high-rise residences.