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Review

Technical Assistance, Social Practices, and Resilience in Social Housing: An Overview of the Current Scientific Literature

by
Jakeline Almeida Garcia Valadão
*,† and
Simone B. Villa
†
Graduate Program in Architecture an Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture an Urbanism, Federal on University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Bairro Santa Mônica, Uberlândia 38108-100, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1467; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091467
Submission received: 8 January 2025 / Revised: 23 February 2025 / Accepted: 24 February 2025 / Published: 26 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Housing Congress in the Lusophone Space–5CIHEL2024”)
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Abstract

The Social Housing units in the “Minha Casa Minha Vida Program” (PMCMV), launched in 2009, aimed to reduce the housing deficit in Brazil. However, they resulted in standardized units of low architectural quality, which were disconnected from the diverse Brazilian contexts. These housing units exhibit low resilience and lack the technical assistance required for renovations, leading residents to undertake self-built modifications. Such interventions, often inadequate, negatively impact environmental comfort and structural safety. The Federal Law on Technical Assistance for Social Housing (TASH) No. 11.888 advanced the provision of technical assistance but still faces challenges regarding its implementation due to significant demand. This article is part of a master’s research project linked to the [CASA RESILIENTE] initiative of the [MORA] Research Group on Housing and, aims to identify and analyze relevant studies, contributing to the analysis and improvement of the pilot platform “[REFORMA] na palma da mão” (“Handy Home Improvements”). The methodology includes a literature review of TASH, resilience in the built environment, social practices in Social Housing (SH), and post-occupancy evaluation (POE), as well as a study of artifacts similar to the proposed platform. The results highlight the importance of POE, the urgency of implementing TASH, and the need to deepen studies on social practices in SH to provide guidelines for more resilient renovations.

1. Introduction

The “Minha Casa Minha Vida Program” (PMCMV), launched in 2009 in Brazil, aims to provide affordable housing and address the country’s housing deficit, which is currently estimated at 6.2 million units [1]. The housing deficit consists of precarious housing (1.6 million), defined as rustic or improvised dwellings; cohabitation (1.2 million), characterized by single-room accommodations with more than one family unit and overcrowding exceeding two people per bedroom; and housing with excessive rental burdens in urban areas (3.4 million), where urban households earning up to three minimum wages spend more than 30% of their income on rent [1].
Despite the mass production of over 7 million housing units delivered since 2009 [2] (BRASIL, 2024), the PMCMV still faces significant challenges, not only in addressing the housing deficit but also in promoting more sustainable cities from economic, social, environmental, and cultural perspectives [3]. The procurement of housing units is managed by construction companies financed by CAIXA. These companies prioritize finding the most cost-effective inputs and locations to efficiently and economically implement the projects. These housing units are typically built in areas such as established urban peripheries, contiguous with underdeveloped urban networks, or in new areas outside the urban perimeter, often far from city centers [4]. “The selection of cheaper land, the expansion of scale, and the standardization of projects thus become essential financial strategies in the development of the PMCMV” [5].
Despite the ease of acquiring housing units through the program, it faces several issues, including low architectural quality, inefficient infrastructure, lack of urban integration, and standardization of housing units [6]. The architectural design disregards the needs of residents’ family profiles, featuring compartmentalized and minimal spaces that hinder the placement of basic furniture and reduce residents’ privacy and ability to personalize their homes [7]. The adoption of load-bearing construction systems complicates the adaptation (expansion) of units over time to meet residents’ evolving needs, highlighting a lack of the required flexibility [8]. The construction systems used also increase the vulnerability of these housing units to impacts, defined as a combination of acute shocks and/or chronic stresses, such as heatwaves and floods, resulting from climate change [9]. This housing model has exhibited low levels of resilience, meaning the ability of the built environment and its inhabitants to withstand, adapt to, or transform to address impacts and demands over time [10].
Resilience is critical to improving the quality of Social Housing (SH) projects, as it is closely tied to the principles of sustainability, vulnerability, and adaptability. It also contributes to the goals of the 2030 Agenda [11], specifically Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG 11), which aims to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.
The Social Housing (SH) units delivered through the PMCMV inadequately address the needs of residents, leading to high levels of dissatisfaction and, consequently, a frequent need for renovations and interventions [12]. Housing inadequacy, whether due to the low quality of project design and execution or renovations carried out without professional assistance, adversely impacts residents’ quality of life [3]. Modifications to the built environment are often undertaken by the residents themselves, aiming to mitigate issues and adapt the housing space to the family’s spatial needs, thereby improving its quality. However, these modifications, performed without the guidance of qualified technical assistance, frequently result in suboptimal solutions, such as poorly proportioned spaces, deficient construction techniques, and the creation of precarious housing conditions with low environmental comfort and structural collapse risks [13]. This further exacerbates the lack of resilience.
Renovations are often carried out through self-construction, based on social practices, as explained by Practice Theory, which seeks to understand the interaction between people and the environment in which they live [14]. In the development of Practice Theory, the literature [15] identifies several elements that contribute to the composition and understanding of practices, including the following:
  • Institutionalized and explicit rules: Refers to institutional policies and regulations, written instructions, or any knowledge that influences understanding of specific practices.
  • Capabilities (know-how) and habits: Includes the abilities and skills that professionals possess or have acquired regarding how to conduct certain practices; this pertains to acting/know-how.
  • Engagement: Motivation, social expectations, inspirations, objectives, and beliefs that guide attitudes and practices.
  • Things: Refers to the intrinsic characteristics of objects in the built environment and how they influence attitudes and practices.
Through the Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) methodology, defined as a set of research techniques aimed at obtaining performance information on the built environment while considering user feedback [16], it is possible to understand how residents’ practices influence the renovations and interventions carried out in SH. This understanding enables the provision of more precise technical assistance, fostering better practices between residents and the built environment.
Launched in 2009 and discontinued in 2020, the PMCMV resumed its activities in 2023 with objectives focused on improving Social Housing. These objectives include promoting the improvement of existing housing to address inadequacies, encouraging the modernization of the housing sector, and fostering technological innovation to reduce costs, enhance environmental and climate sustainability, and improve housing production [17].
For housing improvement, the practice of Technical Assistance in Social Housing (TASH) for low-income families (households earning up to three minimum wages) is essential. This practice is ensured by Federal Law n°. 11.888, dated 24 December 2008, which guarantees free guidance for the design and construction of Social Housing (SH), as well as oversight and execution of construction, renovations, expansions, or land regularization by qualified professionals such as architects, urban planners, and engineers [18]. Although the Federal TASH Law (no. 11.888) has made progress in the country, consolidated experiences remain scarce given the significant demand for healthy and affordable housing, particularly for low-income families [19]. In this context, researching and analyzing studies that contribute to understanding the current state of relevant issues related to SH is fundamental to the master’s research, “Technical Assistance for More Resilient Renovations in Social Housing: Propositions and Usability Testing with Residents and Architects and Urban Planners”. This research is part of the larger study “[CASA RESILIENTE] (RESILIENT HOUSE) Design Strategies for Promoting Resilience in Social Housing through Post-Occupancy Evaluation Methods” (https://www.casaresiliente.com), funded by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) under the Productivity in Research Scholarship (PQ)-no Pq/CNPq 311624/2021-9) of the [MORA] (https://morahabitacao.com/) Housing Research group. The research aims to enhance the pilot platform “[REFORMA] na palma da mão” (“Handy Home Improvements”) ([REFORM] in the palm of your hand: https://reformacasa.facom.ufu.br/), which has been developed within the broader research scope. It focuses on understanding the target audience (residents and architects/urban planners) to identify the best ways to provide guidance for resilient renovations of single-family Social Housing units (single-story houses).
To achieve the research objectives, the general methodology adopted included the following: (i) Theoretical Reference Research: bibliographic research and literature review; (ii) Study of Artifact 2 and Analysis of Similar Initiatives; (iii) Empirical Research: study of the target audience (residents and architects/urban planners); and (iv) Propositional Research: usability testing and proposing improvements to the pilot platform. The proposed article presents a segment of the above-mentioned master’s research, specifically item (i), focused on the literature review, and item (ii), the study of Artifact 2 and an analysis of similar initiatives. The objective was to identify and analyze studies addressing important themes for the research: resilience in the built environment and post-occupancy evaluation in Social Housing; technical assistance in Social Housing; social practices in Social Housing; and the analysis of similar artifacts to identify and evaluate functional and structural characteristics comparable to those of Artifact 2. Methodologically, the article is divided into two stages. The first stage involves analyzing initiatives similar to Artifact 2, while the second is subdivided into four parts: (i) specifying the themes with relevant keywords; (ii) selecting the databases for the search; (iii) applying pre-established filters to create a portfolio of documents; and (iv) analyzing the documents through full readings and selecting them to include in the article. The results are derived from analyzing the documents in the portfolio. For each theme, the studies were associated with the identified concepts based on their importance and recurrence. These concepts were chosen to facilitate a better understanding of the state of the art.
The literature review aims to collect relevant data on the mentioned topics, offering a study with a new perspective and uncovering various findings, ensuring the credibility and technical quality of the research. Additionally, it identifies gaps in the studied topics, contributing to the continuous development of new studies to advance existing knowledge. This article is structured into five sections, as outlined in Figure 1.

2. “[REFORMA] na Palma da mão” (“Handy Home Improvements”) Platform

The [RESILIENT HOUSE] research project aims to identify and provide design strategies for renovations and interventions in single-family horizontal SH, with the goal of promoting their resilience. The case study used in the research focuses on two Social Housing developments under the PMCMV program in Uberlândia: one in the Shopping Park neighborhood, characterized by semi-detached single-story houses, and the other in the Pequis neighborhood, featuring detached single-story houses. The research is based on the creation of two artifacts, as follows: Artifact 1—A set of tools for evaluating resilience in SH; and Artifact 2—A collaborative and guiding digital platform titled “[REFORMA] na palma da mão” (“Handy Home Improvements”).
Artifact 1 aimed to develop a set of tools for assessing resilience in SH by enhancing the Resilient House Assessment Matrix, focusing on the most relevant attributes in the context of renovations and interventions in single-story houses. Artifact 2, in turn, consists of the creation of the pilot platform “[REFORMA] na palma a mão” (“Handy Home Improvements”), which will provide information and design strategies for the target audience (residents and architects/urban planners). This platform aims to foster more resilient and appropriate renovations and interventions in SH units (single-story houses).
The target audience consists of residents of SH under the PMCMV program (low-income category—up to three times the minimum wage, single-story houses, bioclimatic zone 4) and architects and urban planners involved in or interested in carrying out renovations and interventions in SH.

Platform Structure

The design of the pilot platform “[REFORMA] na palma da mão” (“Handy Home Improvements”) was developed with the support of students from the Design Program (FAUED/UFU) and the Computing Program (FACOM/UFU), and its structure was built based on three main pillars: Design, Architecture and Urbanism, and Computing.
For the platform design stages, specific methods and techniques from Design Thinking, UX/UI Design, and User-Centered Design (UCD) were adopted, establishing a framework for understanding, exploring, and solving the problem. Design Thinking is a process that involves creating design artifacts to meet the concrete needs of users and testing these artifacts with real users [20]. UX/UI refers to how users interact with and experience the product, while UCD is a methodology that studies how humans interact with digital interfaces.
For the Architecture pillar, the methodology adopted was Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE). Based on the results obtained from Artifact 1, the study was conducted by a research team composed of undergraduate research assistants, master’s, and doctoral students, each investigating the different attributes or impacts of resilience in the case studies.
This approach made it possible to identify the key issues that needed to be addressed by the platform and to define the most effective ways to approach them. For the renovation guidelines provided on the platform, suggestions for improvement from the residents were taken into account, along with the financial constraints typical of Social Housing (SH) residents, ensuring solutions with lower investment costs and ease of implementation.
For the Computing pillar, databases, programming languages, and frameworks were adopted to implement both the front end and back end. The database, structured in tables, stores and interconnects information. The programming language consists of sets of instructions that enable the creation of websites and software applications.
Frameworks are tools that provide generic code snippets, facilitating development by offering predefined basic functions. The front end refers to the visual and interactive part of the website, serving as the interface with which the target audience interacts. The back end handles internal functionality. Both work together to ensure the proper operation of the website. Figure 2 presents the initial interface of the platform.
The results obtained from Artifact 1 (a set of tools for assessing resilience SH) are the outcome of work conducted by a team of researchers, including undergraduate research assistants, master’s, and doctoral students. Each team member investigated a specific attribute or impact of resilience within the same case studies. Based on these results, it was possible to identify the main issues that needed to be addressed by the pilot platform and determine the best way to approach them.
The primary issues were categorized and detailed into subitems. Figure 3 illustrates how the issues were structured within the platform and the subitems associated with each issue.
To address the needs of the target audience (residents and architects/urban planners), an instructional approach was used to organize the subitems within each issue, structured as follows: What to check; What to do; What I will need; What precautions to take; How much I will spend; Whom to hire; Importance for health; and Which references to consult. Figure 4 illustrates these aspects and their objectives.
The guidelines for each aspect are presented in the form of text, photos, and schematic drawings. As an example, we can consider the theme “Studying/working in a small space”, the subitem “Working/studying in a master bedroom”, the aspect “What to do”, and the item “Flow between furniture”. Figure 5 illustrates the guidelines available for the selected topic.
One of the platform’s objectives is to ensure a continuous understanding of users’ needs, characterized by an ongoing evaluation process (evaluation dimension). To achieve this, the platform allows users to report issues encountered during renovations and provide feedback on the usefulness of the information provided. Additionally, it enables the identification of other types of problems related to the selected topic. Figure 6 illustrates how these items are made available on the platform.
The pilot platform “[REFORMA] na palma da mão” (“Handy Home Improvements”) is currently undergoing improvements, and a usability test will subsequently be conducted to evaluate the new version before making it available to the target audience (residents and architects/urban planners).

3. Analysis of Similar Initiatives

An analysis of similar platforms is essential to improve the pilot platform. This process involves examining pre-existing solutions, enabling the identification of best practices, the evaluation of innovative approaches, and an understanding of the limitations faced by similar platforms. By conducting a detailed comparative analysis, it becomes possible to incorporate efficient functionalities, avoid common mistakes, and adapt successful strategies, resulting in a more effective development of a pilot platform aligned with the needs of end users. Platforms and programs offering assistance for renovations in Social Housing, as well as others serving as intervention agents in the context of resilience in the built environment, were analyzed. The research involved collecting data from studies conducted by the [MORA] group and searches on the Google platform. The search terms used included “digital platform for social housing renovations”, “digital platform for housing improvements”, and “digital platforms for improvements in the built environment”. Only active websites and projects were considered for this study. Figure 7 presents a summary table with the results of the analysis of similar platforms.
The “Adote Uma Casa” project aims to provide free technical assistance to families living in socially relevant areas, organized into neighborhood associations, thereby contributing to improvements in the Greater Vitória region. Resources for this assistance are made available through pre-established partnerships and alliances, focusing on three main themes: environmental comfort, healthiness, and accessibility. The interface is characterized by efficient usability and a minimalist and consistent graphic design, prioritizing essential functionalities to facilitate its use. The interface is simple and easy to navigate.
The “Minha Casa Legal” project aims to provide advisory, consultancy, and technical support services for the land regularization of low-income families. This initiative offers a platform called reurb.online, designed to streamline and standardize all land regularization processes. This platform optimizes services by providing control, organization, and practicality to protocol development, facilitating communication between companies and municipalities, and simplifying client follow-up.
The “Reforma que Transforma” project is a private initiative aimed at providing renovations for low-income families. The service encompasses everything from architectural design to the provision of materials and the hiring of specialized professionals. Renovations are carried out through a renovation kit, which can be offered either as a credit concession for financing or as a full subsidy for homes in extremely precarious conditions. The platform provides information about housing in Brazil and includes a guide on the Social Housing Impact Thesis in various Brazilian cities. The platform’s interface is designed to be simple and easy to navigate, with essential guiding information highlighted on the homepage.
“Kopa Coletiva Arquitetura Popular” is a grassroots social impact initiative focused on providing architectural designs and renovations for low-income families in Porto Alegre, RS, at affordable costs and with installment payment options, in addition to subsidized renovations and volunteer projects. Its operations are guided by the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the UN, with a specific focus on SDGs 3, 8, 10, 11, and 17. The platform’s interface is designed to be simple and easy to navigate, with important content highlighted on the homepage. One of its main features is the “before/after” section, which showcases real images of projects executed by the company, demonstrating the positive impact of its architectural interventions.
The “Habitat para a Humanidade Brasil” project is a civil society organization that has been working since 1992 to combat inequality and ensure that people living in poverty have a dignified place to live. The organization provides renovation and housing improvement services for precarious dwellings in both urban and rural areas, targeting low-income families headed by women, elderly individuals, people with children, or individuals with special needs. Additionally, it promotes basic sanitation and water access services, such as bathroom renovations, repairs to plumbing systems and water tanks, installation of communal sinks, and the construction of cisterns for rainwater collection and storage in urban and rural communities. The organization also collaborates with other civil society entities to influence public policies and broaden the discussion on protecting precarious settlements and improving urban planning. Finally, it acts as a coordinator in a national network involving multiple stakeholders and sector partners, aiming to strengthen local entrepreneurship, grassroots community organizations, social movements, and beneficiary families. The Habitat platform offers guidance on housing improvements and showcases completed projects with an easy-to-navigate interface. However, the homepage contains an overabundance of images, resulting in a cluttered and less visually appealing appearance.
The “Meu Lar De Volta” platform was developed to assist homes affected by floods in Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Its goal is to connect families in need of help with cleaning and furniture recovery to individuals willing to provide assistance. The platform offers an interactive map indicating homes in need and provides information on how to connect with them. The interface is simple, objective, and easy to navigate.
The “Instituto cidades responsivas” established a Project and Action Bank with the goal of connecting construction professionals to volunteers registered to the Institute’s campaign, aiming to assist in the reconstruction of Rio Grande do Sul. Data on affected areas, ways to help, flooded zones, and other needs are available on the platform at https://app.ospa.place/sos-rs, making it accessible to both those in need of assistance and those wishing to contribute. The platform’s interface is intuitive and provides quick responses to user commands. It features an interactive map where users can select specific information of interest, resulting in the display of targeted layers on the map.
The “Vivenda” program provides an online platform detailing its mission, values, and operational methods. This platform manages affordable housing renovations with the goal of mitigating the housing deficit in Brazil. The project aims to serve low-income families by offering renovations for homes across the country.
The “Reforamar” project is focused on voluntary renovations of residences and civil society organizations in socially vulnerable situations. Its objective is to assist low-income families in need of technical support for their homes, promoting improvements in housing quality. The project relies on volunteers who contribute financially, provide materials, or offer labor.
The platforms used for the Vivenda Program and Reforamar are characterized by efficient usability and a simplified, uniform graphic design, emphasizing essential functionalities to facilitate user interaction.
The “Keep Safe”—A Guide to Resilient Housing and Construction platform is designed to serve low-income populations in Puerto Rico and other island communities that frequently face earthquakes, floods, landslides, wind gusts, and severe storms. The platform provides a guide with strategies to strengthen housing against natural disasters, as well as an action plan for implementing these resilience strategies. The platform is distinguished by its efficient usability and minimalist, consistent graphic design, prioritizing essential functionalities for ease of use. However, an overabundance of content makes navigation exhausting. Additionally, the layout is not interactive; the menu, positioned on the right side of the page, deviates from the prevailing standards of most interfaces.
The “Buyer’s Guide to Resilient Homes” organization caters to individuals searching for a residence. It offers an electronic guide and a website with essential information on resilience, including a detailed checklist of considerations when choosing a resilient home, as well as guidance on disaster prevention and maintaining housing resilience. The website is visually appealing and user-friendly, featuring a clear informational hierarchy, icons, and images that enhance the user experience. Consistency and a standardized layout, combined with ample white space, create a balanced and easily readable interface.
“Moradigna” aims to provide rapid renovations for low-income families, transforming homes into healthier environments and improving residents’ quality of life. Another goal of the website is to empower residents to participate in housing improvements by offering training courses in partnership with various institutions. The website’s interface is visually appealing and user-friendly, featuring consistency and standardization, as well as a clear visual and informational hierarchy. Images are used to enhance the user experience, and ample white space contributes to a balanced, easily readable interface.
To analyze the results, a Comparative Matrix was used—a tool designed to organize similar cases and analyze their behavior and positioning. This tool is essential for identifying potential gaps. Through the Comparative Matrix, it is possible to understand the context in which the [REFORMA] project is situated. When developing the matrix, the following aspects were considered: Informative (projects aimed at providing information to users), Active (projects focused on carrying out renovations and providing technical assistance), Professional (projects aimed at engaging architects and professionals), and Residents (projects aimed at engaging the beneficiary population). Figure 8 presents the structured Comparative Matrix.
The “[REFORMA] na palma da mão” (“Handy Home Improvements”) Platform Project is classified in the Matrix as an informative initiative, as it provides resilient guidelines for housing renovations aimed at improvements, targeting both residents and professionals.
The Matrix reveals a lack of projects offering information to residents and professionals about housing improvements with a focus on resilience. Given Brazil’s housing deficit and the scarcity of information and guidance on housing improvements, the [REFORMA] platform plays a crucial role in disseminating information about technical assistance for Social Housing in the country.
Thus, the platform significantly impacts the quality of life of Social Housing (SH) residents by providing technical guidance that promotes housing improvements through more resilient renovations. The impacts also extend to architects and urban planners, as the platform offers informational and technical materials for these professionals, contributing to their professional development in the field of SH.

4. Literature Review Methodology

In this stage of the work, we followed a methodological process involving a literature review aimed at identifying and analyzing studies that address the essential themes raised, in order to understand the current state of research on the subject.
According to the author of [21], a systematic review is a scientific research method that follows a rigorous and detailed process to identify, select, collect data, analyze, and describe relevant contributions to the research. The cited authors developed a review method, the Systematic Search Flow (SSF), which guided the data collection process for this review. The stages of the review are as follows:
  • Stage 1—Search strategy;
  • Stage 2—Database consultation;
  • Stage 3—Document selection;
  • Stage 4—Document portfolio.
The inclusion criteria were texts in Portuguese and English, including articles, books or book chapters, works published in conference proceedings, theses, and dissertations in the field of interest, covering the past five years, with a focus on open access and free-to-access studies.
In Stage 1—Search Strategy, relevant topics for the study were listed: Social Housing (HIS), Technical Assistance for Social Housing (ATHIS), and Social Practices in Social Housing. Keywords were selected for each topic and included in the search in both Portuguese and English.
In Stage 2—Database Consultation, a search was conducted using the topics and keywords defined in Stage 1 across the databases Google Scholar, Scielo, Scopus, and Science Direct, applying the inclusion criteria. For the search process, Filter 1 was applied, which automatically selects studies that contain the selected topics and keywords from Stage 1 in their title, keywords, or body text. With the results from Filter 1, Filter 2 was applied, which involved manually verifying whether the topics and keywords appear in the title, keywords, and body text. Studies that did not meet these criteria, as well as duplicate entries, were excluded.
In Stage 3—Document Selection, Filter 3 was applied, involving the reading of abstracts from the studies obtained in Filter 2. Only those relevant to the research were selected.
In Stage 4—Document Portfolio, Filter 4 was applied, which involved a full-text reading of the studies selected in Filter 3. Only those with content deemed important for the research were included. Figure 9 presents the research search flowchart. The results are detailed in Section 4.

5. Results

Within each analyzed theme, the authors and their studies were associated with the concepts identified based on their relevance. These concepts were organized into tables to provide a deeper understanding of them, as well as the relationships and outcomes of the research. The results were presented separately by theme to enhance clarity and facilitate comprehension.

5.1. Social Housing (SH)

In the theme “Social Housing”, 41 studies were selected, and their concepts are organized in Figure 10. Among these, 21 studies originated from the [MORA] Group, highlighting the group’s significant contribution to providing scientific content for improvements in Social Housing.
Regarding the scientific content, 29 studies are case studies, 10 are reviews, and 2 are theoretical foundations. Case studies are essential for deepening knowledge and providing support for new investigations. Reviews, in turn, serve to suggest new directions for research by identifying methods already used. The results indicate a low output of review-focused works on the theme of SH. Theoretical foundations offer a solid knowledge base for research work, and the scarcity of such findings suggests a potential gap to be filled. Of the studies focused on SH, 17 analyze the PMCMV. These studies [22] frequently report on the program’s historical context and the low architectural quality of the projects, which renders the housing vulnerable to long-term impacts such as heavy rain and extreme heat due to climatic factors [23]. The author of [24] argues that negative impacts on SH are frequent, and investigating the reasons behind this frequency is essential for a better understanding of the causes and extent of the problems.
Another aspect highlighted regarding SH is the relationship between residents’ behavior and the built environment. Studies [25,26] suggest that, in their pursuit of well-being, whether to identify with their home or to achieve comfort, residents make modifications without technical assistance, which can compromise the resilience of the housing. This issue underscores that the standardized designs of PMCMV do not adequately address the diverse types of households and their specific needs.
Resilience guidelines and co-production are aspects discussed by the authors of [27,28,29] as tools to improve resilience levels.
Regarding resilience in the built environment, of the 41 analyzed studies, 7 argue that the materials and construction systems used in SH are determining factors for the low resilience of the housing, according to [30]. Another 19 report that renovations and interventions carried out in homes without technical assistance also contribute to low resilience [31]. Furthermore, 13 studies analyze thermal comfort in housing, and according to the authors of [32,33,34,35,36], it is negatively impacted by both construction systems and unassisted renovations. This results in a low-energy-efficiency environment, as noted by [9,37,38,39].
Aspects related to the flexibility of housing [40,41,42] are addressed in 11 studies, while 12 discuss adaptability [43,44,45,46,47,48], and 8 focus on expandability [49]. The ability to adapt or expand spaces to meet residents’ needs is critical for promoting resilience in the built environment. Regarding accessibility in SH, only the work by the author of [50] addresses important issues on the subject, revealing a significant gap in this field of study, which is highly relevant.
Study [51] mentions the resilience scale as an important tool for evaluating resilience in the built environment, utilizing attributes, indicators, and sub-indicators. This tool guides the implementation of more effective renovation strategies, contributing to the improvement of resilience in SH.
For POE, the aspects discussed in the studies include 13 authors addressing concepts [52,53,54,55,56,57]. The types of POE instruments are covered in 16 studies on impact questionnaires [58,59], 9 on walkthroughs [60], and 4 on interviews [61,62]. The texts emphasize the importance of applying POE instruments to evaluate the quality of the built environment, considering user feedback.
The results on SH make it evident that studies focusing on the PMCMV emphasize the low architectural quality of the housing, exposing them to climatic and environmental vulnerabilities over time.
The relationship between residents’ behavior and the built environment highlights the importance of using assisted interventions to promote housing resilience. The approach to resilience in the built environment underscores the negative impact of low-quality materials and construction systems, as well as unassisted renovations, on the thermal comfort and energy efficiency of the housing. The flexibility, adaptability, and expandability of housing emerge as fundamental factors for improving resilience, although there is a notable lack of studies on accessibility, representing a significant gap in this research field. The implementation of the resilience scale as an evaluative tool is critical for guiding more effective renovation strategies aimed at enhancing the resilience of SH. Finally, POE studies emphasize the importance of considering user perspectives in the assessment and continuous improvement of the built environment’s quality, reinforcing the need for an integrated and participatory approach to the development of more resilient housing.

5.2. Technical Assistance for Social Housing (TASH)

In the theme “TASH”, 25 studies were selected and are organized in Figure 11.
Regarding the scientific content, 22 studies are case studies, 3 are theoretical foundations, and none focus on reviews, which would have been critical for the research. Case studies are essential for expanding and deepening knowledge for future investigations. Theoretical foundations provide a solid knowledge base for research, and the lack of such studies highlights a gap worth exploring.
Of the 25 studies on TASH, 13 discuss general aspects of the theme [63], while 6 address the historical context [64,65,66]. These texts emphasize the importance of understanding the trajectory that led to the consolidation of Law n°. 11.888 in 2008 and its development to the present day.
The topic of technical assistance is addressed in 20 studies [67,68,69], highlighting the importance of professional training [70], especially in academic education, although only five studies specifically address this issue. Additionally, nine studies report on the challenges of implementing technical assistance in both public and private sectors [71,72]. Regarding the roles of public and private entities, only three studies explore this topic [63,73,74]. Professional practice in technical assistance is discussed in seven texts, which underscore the critical role of architects in providing technical guidance for housing improvements [75].
Aspects related to renovations are discussed in three studies addressing expansions in SH, nine focusing on housing improvements [12,76,77,78,79], and nine emphasizing the participatory process of residents. Studies [80,81,82] highlight the importance of residents’ involvement, alongside architects, in decision-making regarding expansions, renovations, and necessary interventions to improve housing conditions.
Few studies, only five, address aspects related to design proposals for housing improvements. These texts propose the use of technology [83], mass customization [84], the Unified Housing System (UHS) [19], and practical guides for TASH [85].
It is important to highlight the work of the author of [86], which presents the description and application, in a case study, of a methodology for Social Housing renovations in an integrated manner (structural, energy, and social aspects). This approach analyzes the building’s structure and energy consumption while considering the residents’ knowledge of potential renovations and building usage.
The analysis of the 25 studies on TASH reveals a predominance of case studies, which are essential for expanding and deepening the knowledge required for future investigations. While theoretical foundations provide a solid base, the absence of reviews highlights a significant gap in the literature. The study underscores the importance of understanding the trajectory that led to the enactment of Law 11.888 in 2008 and its development, focusing on professional training—particularly in the academic sphere—and the challenges of implementing technical assistance. The participation of residents in decisions regarding renovations and housing improvements, as well as the professional practice of architects, are critical aspects discussed. However, the limited focus on proposals for housing improvements points to critical areas for future research, suggesting the use of technology, mass customization, and practical guides for TASH as potential contributions to the field.

5.3. Social Practices

In the search for scientific studies on Social Practices, few were selected. Out of a total of 256 works, only 10 were deemed relevant to the research, focusing on social practices in housing renovations. The results are presented in Figure 12.
Regarding scientific content, all ten studies are case studies that are essential for expanding and deepening knowledge for future investigations. On the topic of social practices, eight texts present the concept [87]; three are related to Social Housing (SH) [88], renovations, and technology; seven address energy demand [80,89,90,91]; two discuss co-production [7,92] and living labs [93,94]; one examines the environment and well-being [95]; and two focus on participatory processes [92].
Understanding the concept of social practices through Practice Theory is essential for applying these concepts to SH renovations. The studies report that most housing renovations are linked to energy demand, particularly in European countries, and that the application of social practices in these studies involves the participation of residents. The works exploring the relationship between technology use and social practices highlight the importance of understanding residents’ behavior concerning interventions aimed at energy consumption. Moreover, the texts emphasize that considering elements of practices is fundamental for understanding user behavior in the built environment. This analysis can be achieved through co-production and digitally applied POE.
In conclusion, the analysis of scientific studies on social practices in housing renovations reveals a significant lack of research. The case studies listed are relevant for expanding and deepening knowledge, providing a solid foundation for future investigations. The literature highlights the importance of understanding social practices through Practice Theory, particularly concerning SH, renovations, technology, and energy demand. The application of social practices, which often involve the participation of residents, is crucial for the success of housing interventions. The studies emphasize the need to consider residents’ behavior regarding technological interventions aimed at energy consumption and suggest that co-production and digital POE are effective methodologies for this analysis.
The identified gaps, particularly the lack of review studies and the limited exploration of certain essential aspects, underscore the need for future research to address these deficiencies and enrich the field of social practices in SH.

6. Conclusions

The objective of this article was to identify and analyze studies through a literature review that addresses key topics relevant to the master’s research. These topics include resilience in the built environment and Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) in Social Housing (SH); Technical Assistance for Social Housing (TASH); and social practices in SH. The article also presents the study of the “[REFORMA] na palma da mão” (“Handy Home Improvements”) platform and similar initiatives.
The main findings from the literature review highlight that the continuous evaluation of Social Housing through POE is essential for identifying housing improvement needs and, consequently, for providing solutions that enable more resilient renovations. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the urgent need for the implementation of TASH both in the public sector and in professional education, ensuring qualified and effective technical assistance for residents while also training professionals specialized in SH. Lastly, the review underscores the need for further research on social practices in housing renovations, as these practices directly impact the effectiveness of interventions in the built environment. The analysis of similar platforms revealed gaps in the availability of informative digital tools aimed at both residents and professionals. Meanwhile, the study of the [REFORMA] platform reinforces its relevance in addressing this gap, highlighting its potential contribution to disseminating technical assistance and supporting more resilient renovations in Social Housing.
Thus, the primary contribution of this article is the survey and systematization of recent studies on POE, TASH and social practices in SH, providing a solid theoretical foundation for researchers and professionals in the field. Furthermore, it reinforces the importance of the “[REFORMA] na palma da mão” (“Handy Home Improvements”) platform as an essential tool for disseminating information on technical assistance in Social Housing.
For future research, it is suggested to advance studies on the implementation of TASH and its effectiveness in different urban and social contexts. Additionally, a more in-depth investigation into the impact of social practices on housing renovations and the application of innovative methodologies in Post-Occupancy Evaluations is recommended.
Following this review and the comparative analysis of similar platforms, the next steps include conducting further studies on the identified research gaps, proposing improvements to the “[REFORMA] na palma da mão” (“Handy Home Improvements”) platform, and making the digital tool available to both residents and professionals. These actions are crucial to expanding the understanding of social practices in Social Housing, particularly in renovations and interventions, fostering housing resilience, and ensuring better living conditions for residents.
Finally, this study underscores the need to integrate POE, TASH, and an understanding of social practices as central elements in promoting resilience and housing quality in Social Housing. Moreover, it highlights the potential of digital platforms in disseminating information and guidance on more resilient renovations in SH.

Author Contributions

The authors J.A.G.V. and S.B.V. contributed significantly to the production of the article in the stages of conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, and writing (original draft preparation and review and editing), actively participating in the construction and refinement of ideas, as well as collaborating in the analysis and validation of the results presented. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq—Research Productivity Grant No. 311624/2021-9), the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES—Process No. 88887.967027/2024-00), and the Pro-Rectory of Research and Graduate Studies (PROPP) at the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU/Brazil).

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Graduate Program in Architecture and Urbanism (PPGAU) at the Faculty of Architecture, Urbanism and Design (FAUeD) of the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU/Brazil), the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq—Research Productivity Grant No. 311624/2021-9), the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES—Process No. 88887.967027/2024-00), the Council of Architecture and Urbanism of Minas Gerais (CAU/MG—Brazil), and the Pro-Rectory of Research and Graduate Studies (PROPP) at the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU/Brazil).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of this study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of this manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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Figure 1. Diagram of the article’s structure.
Figure 1. Diagram of the article’s structure.
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Figure 2. Home page of the “[REFORMA] na palma da mão” platform. Source: https://reformacasa.facom.ufu.br/index.php, adapted by the authors, 2024.
Figure 2. Home page of the “[REFORMA] na palma da mão” platform. Source: https://reformacasa.facom.ufu.br/index.php, adapted by the authors, 2024.
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Figure 3. Page indicating the main problems and their details. Source: https://reformacasa.facom.ufu.br/index.php, adapted by the authors, 2024.
Figure 3. Page indicating the main problems and their details. Source: https://reformacasa.facom.ufu.br/index.php, adapted by the authors, 2024.
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Figure 4. Structure of the approach to each subitem within the problem.
Figure 4. Structure of the approach to each subitem within the problem.
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Figure 5. Structure of the approach to each subitem within the problem. Source: https://reformacasa.facom.ufu.br/, adapted by the authors, 2024.
Figure 5. Structure of the approach to each subitem within the problem. Source: https://reformacasa.facom.ufu.br/, adapted by the authors, 2024.
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Figure 6. Structure of the evaluation dimension. Source: https://reformacasa.facom.ufu.br/ adapted by the authors, 2024.
Figure 6. Structure of the evaluation dimension. Source: https://reformacasa.facom.ufu.br/ adapted by the authors, 2024.
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Figure 7. Summary table of similar products.
Figure 7. Summary table of similar products.
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Figure 8. Comparative matrix of similar products.
Figure 8. Comparative matrix of similar products.
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Figure 9. Schematic table with themes, keywords, search scheme, and results.
Figure 9. Schematic table with themes, keywords, search scheme, and results.
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Figure 10. Table of Social Housing results.
Figure 10. Table of Social Housing results.
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Figure 11. Table showing the results for the Technical Assistance for Social Housing theme.
Figure 11. Table showing the results for the Technical Assistance for Social Housing theme.
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Figure 12. Table showing results for the social practices theme.
Figure 12. Table showing results for the social practices theme.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Valadão, J.A.G.; Villa, S.B. Technical Assistance, Social Practices, and Resilience in Social Housing: An Overview of the Current Scientific Literature. Buildings 2025, 15, 1467. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091467

AMA Style

Valadão JAG, Villa SB. Technical Assistance, Social Practices, and Resilience in Social Housing: An Overview of the Current Scientific Literature. Buildings. 2025; 15(9):1467. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091467

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valadão, Jakeline Almeida Garcia, and Simone B. Villa. 2025. "Technical Assistance, Social Practices, and Resilience in Social Housing: An Overview of the Current Scientific Literature" Buildings 15, no. 9: 1467. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091467

APA Style

Valadão, J. A. G., & Villa, S. B. (2025). Technical Assistance, Social Practices, and Resilience in Social Housing: An Overview of the Current Scientific Literature. Buildings, 15(9), 1467. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091467

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