Author Contributions
Conceptualization, Y.C.; methodology, C.Z.; software, H.Z. (Hongbin Zhang); validation, H.Z. (Hongbin Zhang) and H.Z. (Hongyu Zhang); formal analysis, Y.C.; investigation, C.Z.; resources, C.Z.; data curation, Y.L.; writing—original draft preparation, C.Z.; writing—review and editing, H.Z. (Hongbin Zhang); visualization, Y.L.; supervision, Y.C.; project administration, C.Z.; funding acquisition, Y.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Figure 1.
Schematic diagram of energy-saving glass and window. Phase change thermal storage windows: (a) Phase change glass; (b) Phase change heat storage windows.
Figure 1.
Schematic diagram of energy-saving glass and window. Phase change thermal storage windows: (a) Phase change glass; (b) Phase change heat storage windows.
Figure 2.
Schematic diagram of passive phase change thermal storage window. (a) Schematic diagram of solar panels. (b) Schematic diagram of heating wire alignment. (c) Form schematic.
Figure 2.
Schematic diagram of passive phase change thermal storage window. (a) Schematic diagram of solar panels. (b) Schematic diagram of heating wire alignment. (c) Form schematic.
Figure 3.
Schematic diagram of the principle of solar phase change thermal storage window: (a) Schematic diagram of the macroscopic principle of solar phase change thermal storage windows; (b) Schematic diagram of the principle of heatable external window.
Figure 3.
Schematic diagram of the principle of solar phase change thermal storage window: (a) Schematic diagram of the macroscopic principle of solar phase change thermal storage windows; (b) Schematic diagram of the principle of heatable external window.
Figure 4.
Paraffin DSC parameter curve. The upper half of the vertical axis represents heat release, while the lower half represents heat absorption. The comparable areas of the two peaks indicate that the heat absorption/release performance meets the requirements.
Figure 4.
Paraffin DSC parameter curve. The upper half of the vertical axis represents heat release, while the lower half represents heat absorption. The comparable areas of the two peaks indicate that the heat absorption/release performance meets the requirements.
Figure 5.
Schematic diagram of experimental and control rooms. The left side shows the experimental group, while the right side displays the control group.
Figure 5.
Schematic diagram of experimental and control rooms. The left side shows the experimental group, while the right side displays the control group.
Figure 6.
Schematic diagram of the layout of the experimental room. The test points are arranged inside the room.
Figure 6.
Schematic diagram of the layout of the experimental room. The test points are arranged inside the room.
Figure 7.
Schematic diagram of the instrument: (a) Temperature sensors; (b) Digital display; (c) Light sensors.
Figure 7.
Schematic diagram of the instrument: (a) Temperature sensors; (b) Digital display; (c) Light sensors.
Figure 8.
Schematic diagram of the instrument: (a) Photovoltaic panels; (b) Mobile power; (c) Heating wire.
Figure 8.
Schematic diagram of the instrument: (a) Photovoltaic panels; (b) Mobile power; (c) Heating wire.
Figure 9.
Temperature statistics of each test point without phase transition. Note: Each of the four data sets represents the results of four measurement points in the experimental and control rooms during a certain period of time. (a) Test point temperatures in the mornings of 21–25 August. (b) Temperature at the test site in the afternoon from 21 to 25 August. The three sets of data represent the inter-experimental temperature, inter-control temperature, and ambient temperature, respectively.
Figure 9.
Temperature statistics of each test point without phase transition. Note: Each of the four data sets represents the results of four measurement points in the experimental and control rooms during a certain period of time. (a) Test point temperatures in the mornings of 21–25 August. (b) Temperature at the test site in the afternoon from 21 to 25 August. The three sets of data represent the inter-experimental temperature, inter-control temperature, and ambient temperature, respectively.
Figure 10.
Temperature statistics of phase transition experiment. Note: Each of the three data sets shows the process of phase transition change over a period of time, from the onset to the end of the phase transition. (a) Test point temperatures on the morning of 8 October. (b) Temperature at the test point on the afternoon of 8 October. (c) Test point temperatures on the morning of 12 October. (d) Temperature at the test site on the afternoon of October 12. (e) Temperature at the test site on the morning of 13th October. (f) Temperature at the test point on the afternoon of 13th October. The three sets of data represent the inter-experimental temperature, inter-control temperature, and ambient temperature, respectively.
Figure 10.
Temperature statistics of phase transition experiment. Note: Each of the three data sets shows the process of phase transition change over a period of time, from the onset to the end of the phase transition. (a) Test point temperatures on the morning of 8 October. (b) Temperature at the test point on the afternoon of 8 October. (c) Test point temperatures on the morning of 12 October. (d) Temperature at the test site on the afternoon of October 12. (e) Temperature at the test site on the morning of 13th October. (f) Temperature at the test point on the afternoon of 13th October. The three sets of data represent the inter-experimental temperature, inter-control temperature, and ambient temperature, respectively.
Figure 11.
Temperature data without phase transition experiment. The three sets of data represent the inter-experimental temperature, inter-control temperature, and ambient temperature, respectively.
Figure 11.
Temperature data without phase transition experiment. The three sets of data represent the inter-experimental temperature, inter-control temperature, and ambient temperature, respectively.
Figure 12.
Temperature data of phase transition experiment. The three sets of data represent the inter-experimental temperature, inter-control temperature, and ambient temperature, respectively.
Figure 12.
Temperature data of phase transition experiment. The three sets of data represent the inter-experimental temperature, inter-control temperature, and ambient temperature, respectively.
Figure 13.
Schematic diagram of adding modules: (a) Model layer; (b) Model second floor (roof).
Figure 13.
Schematic diagram of adding modules: (a) Model layer; (b) Model second floor (roof).
Figure 14.
Schematic diagram of Airpak modeling.
Figure 14.
Schematic diagram of Airpak modeling.
Figure 15.
Schematic diagram of temperature field: (a) Floor plan; (b) Elevations.
Figure 15.
Schematic diagram of temperature field: (a) Floor plan; (b) Elevations.
Figure 16.
Schematic diagram of temperature field: (a) Floor plan; (b) Elevation drawings.
Figure 16.
Schematic diagram of temperature field: (a) Floor plan; (b) Elevation drawings.
Figure 17.
Schematic diagram of temperature field: (a) Floor plan; (b) Elevation drawings.
Figure 17.
Schematic diagram of temperature field: (a) Floor plan; (b) Elevation drawings.
Figure 18.
Schematic diagram of temperature field: (a) Floor plan; (b) Elevation drawings.
Figure 18.
Schematic diagram of temperature field: (a) Floor plan; (b) Elevation drawings.
Figure 19.
Schematic diagram of temperature field: (a) Floor plan; (b) Elevation drawings.
Figure 19.
Schematic diagram of temperature field: (a) Floor plan; (b) Elevation drawings.
Figure 20.
Schematic diagram of temperature field: (a) Floor plan; (b) Elevation drawings.
Figure 20.
Schematic diagram of temperature field: (a) Floor plan; (b) Elevation drawings.
Table 1.
Specific performance parameters of industrial paraffin.
Table 1.
Specific performance parameters of industrial paraffin.
Hallmark | Unit (of Measure) | Norm | Test Standard |
---|
Phase transition temperature | °C | 18 | ASTME1269 |
Thermal conductivity | W-m−1-K−1 | 0.21 | ISO 22007-2:2008 |
Latent heat of phase transition | J-g−1 | 220 ± 10 | ASTME1269 |
Flash point | °C | 135 | - |
Boiling | °C | 287 | - |
Specific heat capacity | kJ/kg-K | 2 | - |
Material (that sth is made of) | - | organic material | - |
Density (solid/liquid) | g-cm−3 | 0.88/0.77 | ASTM D792 |
Operating temperature | °C | −40–120 | GB/T 3512-2001 |
Table 2.
Measurement contents and methods between experimental and control groups.
Table 2.
Measurement contents and methods between experimental and control groups.
Serial Number | Measurement Content | Concrete Way |
---|
1–4 | Inter-laboratory temperature | Temperature sensor acquisition |
5–8 | Temperature between controls | Temperature sensor acquisition |
9 | Light intensity between experiments | Light sensor acquisition |
10 | Light intensity between controls | Light sensor acquisition |
Table 3.
Parameters of building envelope structure.
Table 3.
Parameters of building envelope structure.
Parameter Category | Configuration Description | Performance Parameters |
---|
External wall | 50 mm rock wool board | K = 0.730 W/(m2-K) |
Roofing | 50 mm rock wool board | K = 0.730 W/(m2-K) |
External window | 12 A steel and aluminum single Frame Double glazed window | K = 3.900 W/(m2-K) |
Outer door | Thermal door | K = 1.972 W/(m2-K) |
External sunshade | Not have | - |
Equipment/personnel/lighting gained hot | Not have | - |
ventilation | Natural ventilation | time/h |
Table 4.
Heating load calculation results.
Table 4.
Heating load calculation results.
Cooling Load of Experimental Room (kW) | Control Room Cooling Load (kW) | Energy Difference in One Hour (kJ) | Utilization Factor |
---|
0.742 | 0.564 | 640 | 48.5% |
0.768 | 0.54 | 820 | 62.1% |
0.44 | 0.307 | 478 | 36.2% |
0.287 | 0.07 | 781 | 59.2% |
Table 5.
Heating load calculation results.
Table 5.
Heating load calculation results.
Cooling Load of Experimental Room (kW) | Control Room Cooling Load (kW) | Energy Difference in One Hour (kJ) | Utilization Factor |
---|
0.610 | 0.37 | 885 | 67% |
0.674 | 0.34 | 1202 | 91% |
0.829 | 0.407 | 1519 | 96.2% |
Table 6.
Heating load calculation results.
Table 6.
Heating load calculation results.
Heat Load of the Laboratory Room (kW) | Control Room Heat Load (kW) | Energy Difference in One Hour (kJ) | Utilization Factor |
---|
0.592 | 0.446 | 460 | 52% |
0.794 | 0.64 | 554 | 63% |
0.42 | 0.307 | 406 | 46% |
Table 7.
Heating load calculation results.
Table 7.
Heating load calculation results.
Heat Load of the Laboratory Room (kW) | Control Room Heat Load (kW) | Energy Difference in One Hour (kJ) | Utilization Factor |
---|
0.742 | 0.51 | 835 | 94% |
0.44 | 0.21 | 828 | 94.1% |
0.802 | 0.594 | 748 | 85% |
Table 8.
Temperature measurement points.
Table 8.
Temperature measurement points.
Test Point Number | Temperature of Measurement Point Between Experiments (°C) | Temperature of Measurement Point Between Controls (°C) |
---|
1/5 | 30.7 | 31.7 |
2/6 | 30.7 | 31.9 |
3/7 | 31.5 | 32.5 |
4/8 | 31.3 | 32.7 |
Table 9.
Temperature of measurement points.
Table 9.
Temperature of measurement points.
Test Point Number | Temperature of Measurement Point Between Experiments (°C) | Temperature of Measurement Point Between Controls (°C) |
---|
1/5 | 14.3 | 10.7 |
2/6 | 14.5 | 11 |
3/7 | 13.6 | 12.9 |
4/8 | 13.2 | 12.5 |
Table 10.
Temperature measurement points.
Table 10.
Temperature measurement points.
Test Point Number | Temperature of Measurement Point Between Experiments (°C) | Temperature of Measurement Point Between Controls (°C) |
---|
1/5 | 26.7 | 37.2 |
2/6 | 26.9 | 37.3 |
3/7 | 24.8 | 26.3 |
4/8 | 24.3 | 26.2 |
Table 11.
Temperature measurement points.
Table 11.
Temperature measurement points.
Test Point Number | Temperature of Measurement Point Between Experiments (°C) | Temperature of Measurement Point Between Controls (°C) |
---|
1/5 | −8.1 | −10.4 |
2/6 | −7.5 | −9.8 |
3/7 | −7.6 | −11.8 |
4/8 | −7.6 | −9.7 |
Table 12.
Temperature measurement points.
Table 12.
Temperature measurement points.
Test Point Number | Temperature of Measurement Point Between Experiments (°C) | Temperature of Measurement Point Between Controls (°C) |
---|
1/5 | −1.3 | −1.4 |
2/6 | −0.9 | −1.8 |
3/7 | −2.5 | −8.7 |
4/8 | −0.5 | −2.1 |
Table 13.
Temperature of measurement points.
Table 13.
Temperature of measurement points.
Test Point Number | Temperature of Measurement Point Between Experiments (°C) | Temperature of Measurement Point Between Controls (°C) |
---|
1/5 | 5.4 | 2.6 |
2/6 | 4.3 | 3 |
3/7 | 1.4 | −4 |
4/8 | 1.7 | 0.3 |