Design and Experimental Study of a Prefabricated Building Thermoelectric Power Generation–Wall System for Severe Cold Climates
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Thermoelectric Power Generation–Wall System Design
2.2. Software Simulation
2.2.1. Boundary Conditions and Principles
2.2.2. COMSOL Model
2.2.3. Simulation Process
2.3. Experimental Research
2.3.1. Experimental Setup
2.3.2. Experimental Procedure
3. Results
3.1. Summer Power Generation Performance
3.2. Winter Power Generation Performance
3.3. Power Generation Performance in the Transition Season
4. Discussion
4.1. Thermal Behavior of the System
4.1.1. Heat Collection Performance of the System Collector
4.1.2. Temperature Field Distribution in the System
4.2. Electrical Behavior of the System
4.2.1. Voltage Variation Characteristics
4.2.2. Power Variations at a Single Point of the System Device
4.3. Thermoelectric Behavior of the System
4.3.1. Summer
4.3.2. Winter
4.3.3. Transition Season
4.3.4. Annual Thermoelectric Power Generation Performance
4.3.5. Power Generation Performance of the TEPG–Wall System per Unit Area
4.4. Significance
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
TEPG–Wall | Thermoelectric power generation–wall system |
TEPG | Thermoelectric power generation |
PCMs | Phase-change materials |
CTEG | Concentrating thermoelectric generator |
TEG | Thermoelectric generator |
Appendix A
External Cabin Temperature/°C | External Cavity Temperature/°C | Internal Cabin Temperature/°C | Internal Cavity Temperature/°C | Temperature Difference in the Cavity/°C | Voltage/V | Current/A |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18.07 | 22.18 | 22.18 | 22.14 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 |
19.36 | 23.12 | 22.25 | 22.76 | 0.36 | 0.004 | 0.000 |
21.42 | 27.10 | 22.72 | 23.18 | 3.92 | 0.013 | 0.001 |
24.36 | 30.14 | 23.48 | 23.79 | 6.35 | 0.021 | 0.001 |
26.08 | 38.68 | 23.77 | 24.28 | 14.40 | 0.047 | 0.002 |
27.82 | 41.42 | 24.01 | 24.76 | 16.48 | 0.069 | 0.002 |
29.92 | 45.78 | 24.78 | 25.15 | 20.63 | 0.081 | 0.005 |
30.21 | 51.38 | 24.92 | 25.44 | 25.94 | 0.127 | 0.009 |
30.54 | 57.14 | 25.20 | 25.87 | 31.27 | 0.182 | 0.016 |
29.37 | 58.11 | 25.59 | 26.18 | 31.93 | 0.247 | 0.029 |
28.74 | 56.15 | 25.99 | 26.76 | 29.39 | 0.298 | 0.040 |
28.81 | 55.12 | 26.39 | 27.10 | 28.02 | 0.288 | 0.037 |
27.93 | 52.17 | 26.07 | 27.67 | 24.50 | 0.207 | 0.031 |
27.07 | 50.87 | 25.76 | 27.95 | 22.92 | 0.149 | 0.022 |
26.21 | 49.21 | 25.24 | 27.72 | 21.49 | 0.137 | 0.018 |
25.34 | 47.07 | 24.57 | 27.26 | 19.81 | 0.096 | 0.010 |
24.76 | 45.14 | 23.98 | 26.98 | 18.16 | 0.088 | 0.008 |
23.91 | 42.21 | 24.06 | 26.65 | 15.56 | 0.076 | 0.007 |
23.27 | 41.14 | 23.49 | 26.11 | 15.03 | 0.069 | 0.007 |
21.89 | 38.66 | 23.01 | 25.87 | 12.79 | 0.046 | 0.004 |
21.01 | 35.98 | 22.78 | 25.35 | 10.63 | 0.038 | 0.003 |
20.17 | 32.59 | 22.29 | 24.78 | 7.81 | 0.022 | 0.002 |
19.34 | 28.17 | 21.78 | 24.04 | 4.13 | 0.015 | 0.001 |
18.42 | 25.24 | 22.44 | 23.47 | 1.77 | 0 | 0 |
17.67 | 22.48 | 22.76 | 23.81 | −1.33 | 0 | 0 |
18.17 | 21.67 | 23.01 | 24.08 | −2.41 | 0.002 | 0 |
19.46 | 24.88 | 23.49 | 24.47 | 0.41 | 0 | 0 |
21.52 | 27.98 | 23.88 | 24.99 | 2.99 | 0.003 | 0 |
24.26 | 31.76 | 24.17 | 25.17 | 6.59 | 0.014 | 0.001 |
26.18 | 36.19 | 24.55 | 25.74 | 10.45 | 0.023 | 0.002 |
27.92 | 41.26 | 25.00 | 26.24 | 15.02 | 0.056 | 0.006 |
29.82 | 49.55 | 25.38 | 26.56 | 22.99 | 0.121 | 0.017 |
30.43 | 52.46 | 25.77 | 26.79 | 25.67 | 0.196 | 0.020 |
30.94 | 56.48 | 26.14 | 27.01 | 29.47 | 0.239 | 0.027 |
29.97 | 58.38 | 25.89 | 26.89 | 31.49 | 0.257 | 0.029 |
28.94 | 57.55 | 25.66 | 26.52 | 31.03 | 0.283 | 0.031 |
28.61 | 56.69 | 25.34 | 26.18 | 30.51 | 0.270 | 0.028 |
27.94 | 55.44 | 25.07 | 25.77 | 29.67 | 0.254 | 0.021 |
27.27 | 53.17 | 24.69 | 25.49 | 27.68 | 0.191 | 0.020 |
26.31 | 50.09 | 24.22 | 25.14 | 24.95 | 0.157 | 0.017 |
25.42 | 48.22 | 23.76 | 24.98 | 23.24 | 0.144 | 0.014 |
24.76 | 45.89 | 23.44 | 24.71 | 21.18 | 0.120 | 0.011 |
23.93 | 41.77 | 23.18 | 24.32 | 17.45 | 0.081 | 0.008 |
23.17 | 36.58 | 22.94 | 24.12 | 12.46 | 0.047 | 0.005 |
22.66 | 32.11 | 22.66 | 23.79 | 8.32 | 0.014 | 0.002 |
21.87 | 30.24 | 22.47 | 23.36 | 6.88 | 0.010 | 0.001 |
21.00 | 28.27 | 22.11 | 23.07 | 5.2 | 0.005 | 0 |
20.18 | 26.49 | 21.84 | 22.74 | 3.75 | 0.003 | 0 |
19.36 | 24.24 | 22.07 | 22.38 | 1.86 | 0 | 0 |
18.43 | 21.88 | 22.39 | 22.10 | −0.22 | 0 | 0 |
17.68 | 19.19 | 22.88 | 21.21 | −2.02 | 0 | 0 |
Appendix B
External Cabin Temperature/°C | External Cavity Temperature/°C | Internal Cabin Temperature/°C | Internal Cavity Temperature/°C | Temperature Difference in the Cavity/°C | Voltage/V | Current/A |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−3.04 | −2.15 | 17.68 | 18.27 | 20.42 | 0.076 | 0.008 |
−4.29 | −3.12 | 18.25 | 18.98 | 22.1 | 0.161 | 0.014 |
−5.33 | −3.97 | 18.48 | 19.19 | 23.16 | 0.182 | 0.015 |
−6.61 | −4.87 | 18.88 | 19.64 | 24.51 | 0.207 | 0.018 |
−7.80 | −6.21 | 19.09 | 19.92 | 26.13 | 0.243 | 0.022 |
−8.80 | −7.77 | 19.67 | 20.33 | 28.1 | 0.266 | 0.022 |
−9.58 | −8.94 | 19.93 | 20.61 | 29.55 | 0.298 | 0.035 |
−10.44 | −9.71 | 20.28 | 20.85 | 30.56 | 0.314 | 0.029 |
−11.86 | −10.58 | 20.56 | 21.49 | 32.07 | 0.321 | 0.036 |
−12.47 | −11.66 | 20.88 | 21.85 | 33.51 | 0.337 | 0.029 |
−13.16 | −12.85 | 21.36 | 22.13 | 34.98 | 0.340 | 0.042 |
−13.71 | −13.26 | 21.85 | 22.24 | 35.5 | 0.351 | 0.037 |
−14.13 | −14.02 | 22.19 | 22.88 | 36.9 | 0.366 | 0.038 |
−14.61 | −14.47 | 22.26 | 23.30 | 37.77 | 0.373 | 0.042 |
−15.18 | −15.15 | 22.73 | 23.79 | 38.94 | 0.382 | 0.044 |
−15.74 | −15.62 | 23.49 | 24.38 | 40 | 0.395 | 0.048 |
−16.03 | −16.17 | 23.98 | 24.85 | 41.02 | 0.408 | 0.050 |
−16.79 | −16.22 | 24.03 | 25.37 | 41.59 | 0.419 | 0.051 |
−17.06 | −16.78 | 24.77 | 25.45 | 42.23 | 0.422 | 0.044 |
−17.55 | −17.07 | 24.93 | 25.84 | 42.91 | 0.437 | 0.047 |
−17.76 | −17.56 | 25.49 | 26.27 | 43.83 | 0.444 | 0.051 |
−18.11 | −17.89 | 25.98 | 26.74 | 44.63 | 0.449 | 0.048 |
−18.52 | −18.24 | 26.37 | 27.21 | 45.45 | 0.457 | 0.045 |
−19.07 | −18.79 | 26.88 | 27.75 | 46.54 | 0.461 | 0.046 |
−19.34 | −19.00 | 27.06 | 27.99 | 46.99 | 0.472 | 0.048 |
−19.73 | −19.29 | 26.57 | 27.70 | 46.99 | 0.471 | 0.045 |
−19.99 | −19.67 | 25.76 | 27.29 | 46.96 | 0.480 | 0.048 |
−20.27 | −19.98 | 25.24 | 26.89 | 46.87 | 0.484 | 0.049 |
−20.41 | −20.19 | 24.57 | 26.66 | 46.85 | 0.479 | 0.047 |
−20.58 | −20.48 | 23.98 | 25.87 | 46.35 | 0.491 | 0.038 |
−20.71 | −20.66 | 24.06 | 25.35 | 46.01 | 0.484 | 0.042 |
−20.83 | −20.79 | 23.49 | 24.68 | 45.47 | 0.479 | 0.044 |
−20.90 | −20.90 | 23.03 | 23.98 | 44.88 | 0.470 | 0.048 |
−20.98 | −20.97 | 22.69 | 24.06 | 45.03 | 0.466 | 0.050 |
−21.11 | −21.01 | 22.17 | 23.49 | 44.50 | 0.460 | 0.051 |
−21.17 | −21.07 | 21.53 | 23.03 | 44.10 | 0.454 | 0.044 |
−21.22 | −21.10 | 21.07 | 22.66 | 43.76 | 0.449 | 0.047 |
−21.29 | −21.13 | 20.46 | 22.07 | 43.20 | 0.444 | 0.051 |
−21.33 | −21.18 | 19.79 | 21.43 | 42.61 | 0.438 | 0.048 |
−21.40 | −21.25 | 19.18 | 21.17 | 42.42 | 0.431 | 0.045 |
−21.49 | −21.29 | 18.22 | 20.56 | 41.85 | 0.427 | 0.046 |
−21.58 | −21.33 | 17.79 | 19.69 | 41.02 | 0.422 | 0.048 |
−21.66 | −21.38 | 17.21 | 19.08 | 40.46 | 0.418 | 0.045 |
−21.71 | −21.41 | 16.89 | 18.32 | 39.73 | 0.407 | 0.044 |
−21.80 | −21.47 | 16.36 | 17.80 | 39.27 | 0.400 | 0.043 |
−21.88 | −21.52 | 17.17 | 17.32 | 38.84 | 0.395 | 0.037 |
−21.94 | −21.59 | 18.25 | 16.97 | 38.56 | 0.391 | 0.038 |
−22.00 | −21.67 | 18.79 | 17.47 | 39.14 | 0.384 | 0.042 |
−22.08 | −21.78 | 19.28 | 18.85 | 40.63 | 0.392 | 0.044 |
−22.14 | −21.86 | 19.69 | 19.88 | 41.74 | 0.404 | 0.048 |
−22.20 | −21.91 | 19.97 | 20.47 | 42.38 | 0.415 | 0.051 |
−22.28 | −21.97 | 20.38 | 21.55 | 43.52 | 0.420 | 0.048 |
−22.36 | −22.08 | 20.84 | 22.34 | 44.42 | 0.436 | 0.043 |
−22.42 | −22.14 | 21.37 | 22.82 | 44.96 | 0.441 | 0.044 |
−22.49 | −22.21 | 21.93 | 23.47 | 45.68 | 0.462 | 0.042 |
−22.52 | −22.26 | 22.25 | 23.79 | 46.05 | 0.471 | 0.039 |
−22.60 | −22.30 | 22.72 | 24.21 | 46.51 | 0.483 | 0.048 |
−22.66 | −22.38 | 23.48 | 24.78 | 47.16 | 0.485 | 0.042 |
−22.70 | −22.42 | 23.77 | 25.17 | 47.59 | 0.490 | 0.044 |
−22.74 | −22.48 | 24.01 | 25.69 | 48.17 | 0.497 | 0.048 |
−22.79 | −22.54 | 24.78 | 26.13 | 48.67 | 0.492 | 0.050 |
−22.82 | −22.59 | 24.92 | 26.79 | 49.38 | 0.504 | 0.051 |
−22.85 | −22.62 | 25.20 | 27.27 | 49.89 | 0.510 | 0.054 |
−22.90 | −22.68 | 25.59 | 27.84 | 50.52 | 0.518 | 0.049 |
−22.95 | −22.74 | 25.99 | 28.17 | 50.91 | 0.523 | 0.051 |
−22.98 | −22.77 | 26.39 | 28.54 | 51.31 | 0.531 | 0.055 |
−23.02 | −22.82 | 26.77 | 28.76 | 51.58 | 0.554 | 0.051 |
−23.05 | −22.90 | 27.07 | 29.14 | 52.04 | 0.579 | 0.057 |
−23.01 | −22.93 | 26.54 | 29.47 | 52.4 | 0.594 | 0.062 |
−22.96 | −22.84 | 25.76 | 28.83 | 51.67 | 0.581 | 0.058 |
−22.90 | −22.79 | 25.24 | 27.76 | 50.55 | 0.569 | 0.058 |
−22.81 | −22.73 | 24.57 | 26.73 | 49.46 | 0.547 | 0.054 |
−22.78 | −22.68 | 23.68 | 25.27 | 47.95 | 0.522 | 0.051 |
−22.66 | −22.60 | 23.46 | 24.76 | 47.36 | 0.518 | 0.050 |
−22.58 | −22.52 | 22.78 | 23.45 | 45.97 | 0.497 | 0.050 |
−22.44 | −22.43 | 22.29 | 22.86 | 45.29 | 0.483 | 0.048 |
−22.29 | −22.39 | 21.78 | 22.18 | 44.57 | 0.475 | 0.047 |
−22.11 | −22.28 | 21.44 | 21.87 | 44.15 | 0.461 | 0.047 |
−21.87 | −21.89 | 20.76 | 21.31 | 43.2 | 0.454 | 0.042 |
−21.55 | −21.48 | 19.78 | 20.97 | 42.45 | 0.447 | 0.044 |
−21.27 | −21.03 | 19.07 | 20.28 | 41.31 | 0.434 | 0.048 |
−21.06 | −20.86 | 18.31 | 19.69 | 40.55 | 0.425 | 0.042 |
−20.76 | −20.37 | 17.97 | 18.38 | 38.75 | 0.406 | 0.040 |
−20.47 | −20.09 | 17.28 | 17.98 | 38.07 | 0.397 | 0.041 |
−20.10 | −19.88 | 16.69 | 17.27 | 37.15 | 0.381 | 0.039 |
−19.66 | −19.54 | 16.38 | 16.84 | 36.38 | 0.373 | 0.040 |
−19.18 | −19.13 | 17.27 | 16.33 | 35.46 | 0.368 | 0.037 |
−18.54 | −18.49 | 17.65 | 16.97 | 35.46 | 0.366 | 0.033 |
−18.21 | −17.88 | 17.99 | 17.46 | 35.34 | 0.370 | 0.038 |
−17.68 | −17.20 | 18.37 | 18.21 | 35.41 | 0.376 | 0.035 |
−17.07 | −16.73 | 18.79 | 18.99 | 35.72 | 0.382 | 0.037 |
−16.31 | −16.07 | 19.28 | 19.64 | 35.71 | 0.384 | 0.039 |
−15.49 | −15.29 | 19.69 | 20.35 | 35.64 | 0.379 | 0.028 |
−14.20 | −14.13 | 19.97 | 21.27 | 35.40 | 0.375 | 0.042 |
−12.96 | −12.88 | 20.38 | 21.83 | 34.71 | 0.368 | 0.036 |
−11.67 | −11.08 | 20.76 | 22.19 | 33.27 | 0.359 | 0.034 |
−10.08 | −9.37 | 21.07 | 22.88 | 32.25 | 0.334 | 0.032 |
−9.21 | −8.77 | 21.38 | 23.27 | 32.04 | 0.330 | 0.037 |
−7.88 | −7.14 | 21.86 | 24.03 | 31.17 | 0.318 | 0.033 |
−5.37 | −5.22 | 22.20 | 24.76 | 29.98 | 0.307 | 0.030 |
−2.68 | −2.45 | 22.36 | 25.27 | 27.72 | 0.275 | 0.025 |
−2.39 | −2.00 | 22.93 | 25.63 | 27.63 | 0.271 | 0.027 |
−3.04 | −2.89 | 23.57 | 25.93 | 28.82 | 0.298 | 0.029 |
−4.07 | −3.34 | 23.97 | 26.39 | 29.73 | 0.314 | 0.028 |
−5.13 | −4.01 | 24.13 | 26.87 | 30.88 | 0.323 | 0.032 |
−6.21 | −5.21 | 24.67 | 27.24 | 32.45 | 0.336 | 0.033 |
−7.80 | −6.78 | 24.95 | 27.77 | 34.55 | 0.357 | 0.035 |
−9.00 | −7.98 | 25.39 | 28.04 | 36.02 | 0.372 | 0.039 |
−9.98 | −9.17 | 25.84 | 28.56 | 37.73 | 0.381 | 0.040 |
−11.44 | −10.59 | 26.27 | 28.84 | 39.43 | 0.394 | 0.039 |
−12.86 | −11.67 | 26.88 | 29.27 | 40.94 | 0.407 | 0.040 |
−13.47 | −12.86 | 27.23 | 29.53 | 42.39 | 0.418 | 0.038 |
−14.16 | −13.27 | 27.48 | 29.76 | 43.03 | 0.423 | 0.045 |
−14.61 | −14.03 | 26.97 | 29.44 | 43.47 | 0.436 | 0.047 |
−15.19 | −14.48 | 25.86 | 28.27 | 42.75 | 0.423 | 0.041 |
−15.84 | −15.16 | 25.34 | 27.76 | 42.92 | 0.420 | 0.048 |
−16.23 | −15.63 | 24.77 | 27.35 | 42.98 | 0.424 | 0.047 |
−16.78 | −16.18 | 23.78 | 26.86 | 43.04 | 0.427 | 0.047 |
−17.16 | −16.23 | 23.36 | 25.91 | 42.14 | 0.421 | 0.042 |
−17.76 | −16.79 | 22.76 | 25.04 | 41.83 | 0.407 | 0.044 |
−18.10 | −17.17 | 22.27 | 24.87 | 42.04 | 0.414 | 0.048 |
−18.42 | −17.58 | 21.79 | 23.98 | 41.56 | 0.418 | 0.042 |
−19.06 | −17.89 | 21.47 | 23.26 | 41.15 | 0.413 | 0.040 |
−19.37 | −18.24 | 20.73 | 22.66 | 40.90 | 0.408 | 0.041 |
−19.63 | −18.79 | 19.74 | 22.13 | 40.92 | 0.410 | 0.039 |
−19.98 | −19.07 | 19.09 | 21.75 | 40.82 | 0.406 | 0.032 |
−20.17 | −19.39 | 18.51 | 21.27 | 40.66 | 0.397 | 0.033 |
−20.40 | −19.69 | 17.98 | 20.73 | 40.42 | 0.391 | 0.035 |
−20.59 | −19.99 | 17.27 | 19.64 | 39.63 | 0.383 | 0.039 |
−20.75 | −20.20 | 16.68 | 19.00 | 39.20 | 0.372 | 0.040 |
−20.84 | −20.47 | 16.37 | 18.31 | 38.78 | 0.367 | 0.039 |
−20.91 | −20.68 | 17.28 | 17.88 | 38.56 | 0.373 | 0.040 |
−20.97 | −20.69 | 17.64 | 17.37 | 38.06 | 0.369 | 0.038 |
−21.12 | −20.94 | 17.93 | 16.86 | 37.8 | 0.361 | 0.045 |
−21.18 | −20.98 | 18.38 | 16.47 | 37.45 | 0.354 | 0.047 |
−21.23 | −21.02 | 18.89 | 17.38 | 38.4 | 0.363 | 0.041 |
−21.30 | −21.08 | 19.38 | 17.73 | 38.81 | 0.370 | 0.048 |
−21.34 | −21.11 | 19.79 | 17.97 | 39.08 | 0.374 | 0.047 |
−21.41 | −21.14 | 19.94 | 18.28 | 39.42 | 0.381 | 0.047 |
−21.50 | −21.19 | 20.34 | 18.89 | 40.08 | 0.396 | 0.042 |
−21.58 | −21.26 | 20.77 | 19.38 | 40.64 | 0.408 | 0.044 |
−21.64 | −21.28 | 21.17 | 19.79 | 41.07 | 0.416 | 0.032 |
−21.70 | −21.33 | 21.48 | 19.94 | 41.27 | 0.427 | 0.033 |
−21.79 | −21.36 | 22.23 | 20.34 | 41.70 | 0.438 | 0.035 |
−21.87 | −21.43 | 22.56 | 20.77 | 42.20 | 0.442 | 0.039 |
−21.94 | −21.46 | 23.77 | 21.38 | 42.84 | 0.451 | 0.041 |
−22.01 | −21.51 | 23.93 | 22.17 | 43.68 | 0.463 | 0.048 |
−22.08 | −21.58 | 24.43 | 22.98 | 44.56 | 0.468 | 0.047 |
−22.13 | −21.66 | 24.87 | 24.22 | 45.88 | 0.471 | 0.047 |
−22.19 | −21.79 | 25.17 | 25.27 | 47.06 | 0.483 | 0.042 |
−22.25 | −21.87 | 25.39 | 25.93 | 47.8 | 0.495 | 0.044 |
−22.31 | −21.92 | 25.84 | 26.87 | 48.79 | 0.504 | 0.058 |
−22.40 | −21.98 | 26.27 | 27.31 | 49.29 | 0.510 | 0.058 |
−22.47 | −22.10 | 26.88 | 27.78 | 49.88 | 0.518 | 0.054 |
−22.53 | −22.15 | 27.23 | 28.56 | 50.71 | 0.529 | 0.051 |
−22.61 | −22.22 | 26.64 | 29.27 | 51.49 | 0.541 | 0.050 |
−22.67 | −22.27 | 25.76 | 28.84 | 51.11 | 0.528 | 0.050 |
−22.71 | −22.31 | 25.33 | 27.86 | 50.17 | 0.521 | 0.048 |
−22.75 | −22.39 | 24.74 | 26.79 | 49.18 | 0.509 | 0.047 |
−22.79 | −22.43 | 23.76 | 25.37 | 47.8 | 0.498 | 0.047 |
−22.82 | −22.48 | 23.35 | 24.75 | 47.23 | 0.484 | 0.042 |
−22.85 | −22.57 | 22.77 | 23.46 | 46.03 | 0.478 | 0.044 |
−22.90 | −22.60 | 22.29 | 22.87 | 45.47 | 0.467 | 0.048 |
−22.94 | −22.67 | 21.74 | 22.28 | 44.95 | 0.455 | 0.042 |
−22.97 | −22.71 | 21.48 | 21.89 | 44.6 | 0.442 | 0.040 |
−23.02 | −22.77 | 20.72 | 21.33 | 44.1 | 0.438 | 0.041 |
−23.04 | −22.83 | 19.64 | 20.99 | 43.82 | 0.431 | 0.039 |
−23.01 | −22.89 | 19.19 | 20.26 | 43.15 | 0.424 | 0.040 |
−22.93 | −22.93 | 18.52 | 19.67 | 42.6 | 0.395 | 0.032 |
−22.82 | −22.84 | 17.95 | 18.37 | 41.21 | 0.390 | 0.033 |
−22.79 | −22.79 | 17.21 | 17.67 | 40.46 | 0.384 | 0.035 |
−22.68 | −22.73 | 16.63 | 16.95 | 39.68 | 0.372 | 0.039 |
−22.54 | −22.68 | 16.36 | 16.53 | 39.21 | 0.368 | 0.041 |
−22.48 | −22.60 | 17.29 | 17.46 | 40.06 | 0.385 | 0.048 |
−22.30 | −22.52 | 17.65 | 18.21 | 40.73 | 0.392 | 0.044 |
−22.14 | −22.33 | 17.94 | 18.99 | 41.32 | 0.406 | 0.047 |
−21.82 | −22.19 | 18.88 | 19.84 | 42.03 | 0.411 | 0.042 |
−21.57 | −21.28 | 18.69 | 19.36 | 40.64 | 0.414 | 0.041 |
−21.29 | −20.89 | 19.48 | 20.24 | 41.13 | 0.421 | 0.042 |
−21.16 | −20.48 | 19.89 | 20.87 | 41.35 | 0.427 | 0.043 |
−20.66 | −20.03 | 20.34 | 21.39 | 41.42 | 0.430 | 0.045 |
−20.37 | −19.86 | 20.87 | 22.27 | 42.13 | 0.441 | 0.039 |
−20.08 | −19.37 | 21.19 | 22.98 | 42.35 | 0.445 | 0.042 |
−19.46 | −18.69 | 21.47 | 23.44 | 42.13 | 0.444 | 0.044 |
−18.54 | −17.89 | 22.22 | 23.97 | 41.86 | 0.436 | 0.048 |
−18.22 | −17.27 | 22.57 | 24.32 | 41.59 | 0.431 | 0.042 |
−17.69 | −16.73 | 23.64 | 24.89 | 41.62 | 0.433 | 0.040 |
−17.09 | −16.08 | 23.91 | 25.20 | 41.28 | 0.432 | 0.041 |
−16.32 | −15.30 | 24.53 | 25.87 | 41.17 | 0.427 | 0.039 |
−15.50 | −14.14 | 24.88 | 26.13 | 40.27 | 0.418 | 0.040 |
−14.21 | −12.87 | 25.27 | 26.56 | 39.43 | 0.409 | 0.032 |
−12.86 | −11.09 | 25.50 | 26.95 | 38.04 | 0.396 | 0.033 |
−11.57 | −9.38 | 25.85 | 27.34 | 36.72 | 0.377 | 0.035 |
−10.00 | −8.75 | 26.27 | 27.79 | 36.54 | 0.371 | 0.039 |
−9.11 | −7.17 | 26.76 | 28.53 | 35.70 | 0.363 | 0.041 |
−7.89 | −5.28 | 27.24 | 29.37 | 34.65 | 0.334 | 0.048 |
−5.87 | −2.47 | 26.65 | 28.46 | 30.93 | 0.317 | 0.044 |
−3.78 | −2.04 | 25.79 | 27.19 | 29.23 | 0.306 | 0.047 |
−1.69 | −2.90 | 26.01 | 26.37 | 29.27 | 0.308 | 0.042 |
Appendix C
External Cabin Temperature/°C | External Cavity Temperature/°C | Internal Cabin Temperature/°C | Internal Cavity Temperature/°C | Temperature Difference in the Cavity/°C | Voltage/V | Current/A |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15.92 | 15.88 | 17.88 | 18.21 | 2.33 | 0.011 | 0 |
12.66 | 13.96 | 18.24 | 18.78 | 4.82 | 0.017 | 0 |
9.86 | 11.10 | 18.49 | 19.07 | 7.97 | 0.028 | 0.001 |
7.55 | 9.14 | 18.87 | 19.54 | 10.4 | 0.037 | 0.001 |
5.65 | 6.68 | 19.07 | 19.82 | 13.14 | 0.046 | 0.002 |
4.20 | 5.42 | 19.66 | 20.23 | 14.81 | 0.051 | 0.003 |
2.69 | 3.78 | 19.92 | 20.51 | 16.73 | 0.063 | 0.005 |
1.35 | 1.38 | 20.27 | 20.94 | 19.56 | 0.087 | 0.009 |
0.22 | 0.14 | 20.55 | 21.39 | 21.25 | 0.098 | 0.012 |
−1.00 | −1.11 | 20.89 | 21.84 | 22.95 | 0.104 | 0.019 |
−2.03 | −2.15 | 21.37 | 22.14 | 24.29 | 0.113 | 0.011 |
−3.07 | −3.12 | 21.84 | 22.76 | 25.88 | 0.121 | 0.017 |
−3.83 | −3.97 | 22.18 | 23.18 | 27.15 | 0.147 | 0.011 |
−4.65 | −4.87 | 22.25 | 23.79 | 28.66 | 0.169 | 0.022 |
−5.34 | −5.21 | 22.72 | 24.24 | 29.45 | 0.181 | 0.018 |
−6.11 | −6.07 | 23.48 | 24.79 | 30.86 | 0.197 | 0.016 |
−6.74 | −7.14 | 23.77 | 25.25 | 32.39 | 0.212 | 0.020 |
−7.14 | −7.41 | 24.01 | 25.48 | 32.89 | 0.227 | 0.022 |
−7.08 | −7.58 | 24.78 | 25.88 | 33.46 | 0.234 | 0.021 |
−6.89 | −7.66 | 24.92 | 26.38 | 34.04 | 0.241 | 0.022 |
−7.62 | −7.85 | 25.24 | 26.78 | 34.63 | 0.248 | 0.024 |
−7.88 | −7.96 | 24.57 | 27.66 | 35.62 | 0.252 | 0.025 |
−7.94 | −8.12 | 23.98 | 27.88 | 36.00 | 0.259 | 0.026 |
−8.00 | −8.17 | 23.46 | 26.48 | 34.65 | 0.268 | 0.026 |
−6.46 | −7.68 | 22.94 | 25.45 | 33.13 | 0.266 | 0.024 |
−5.06 | −6.29 | 22.57 | 25.04 | 31.33 | 0.251 | 0.020 |
−3.78 | −5.47 | 22.00 | 24.67 | 30.14 | 0.241 | 0.022 |
−2.62 | −4.89 | 21.54 | 24.15 | 29.04 | 0.232 | 0.021 |
−1.67 | −2.56 | 21.08 | 23.21 | 25.77 | 0.205 | 0.019 |
0.12 | 0.78 | 20.49 | 22.77 | 21.99 | 0.147 | 0.015 |
2.46 | 1.97 | 19.78 | 21.39 | 19.42 | 0.135 | 0.014 |
4.53 | 4.48 | 19.07 | 20.98 | 16.5 | 0.093 | 0.010 |
6.45 | 6.69 | 18.21 | 20.48 | 13.79 | 0.085 | 0.009 |
8.21 | 8.84 | 17.77 | 19.57 | 10.73 | 0.064 | 0.006 |
9.91 | 10.77 | 18.35 | 18.37 | 7.6 | 0.036 | 0.004 |
11.47 | 12.81 | 18.99 | 18.85 | 6.04 | 0.028 | 0.003 |
13.01 | 14.14 | 19.28 | 19.77 | 5.63 | 0.020 | 0.002 |
15.12 | 16.07 | 19.59 | 20.06 | 3.99 | 0.016 | 0.002 |
16.47 | 17.11 | 19.87 | 20.41 | 3.3 | 0.012 | 0.001 |
15.62 | 16.58 | 20.28 | 20.78 | 4.2 | 0.011 | 0.001 |
12.96 | 13.21 | 20.56 | 21.11 | 7.9 | 0.028 | 0.003 |
9.78 | 10.48 | 20.99 | 21.48 | 11 | 0.037 | 0.004 |
7.65 | 8.34 | 21.21 | 21.86 | 13.52 | 0.044 | 0.005 |
5.45 | 6.76 | 21.55 | 22.04 | 15.28 | 0.052 | 0.005 |
4.30 | 5.46 | 21.87 | 22.88 | 17.42 | 0.064 | 0.006 |
2.79 | 3.77 | 22.19 | 23.46 | 19.69 | 0.086 | 0.008 |
1.45 | 1.37 | 22.98 | 23.11 | 21.74 | 0.097 | 0.009 |
0.32 | 0.13 | 23.64 | 23.98 | 23.85 | 0.105 | 0.010 |
−1.07 | −1.10 | 24.11 | 24.88 | 25.98 | 0.112 | 0.011 |
−2.05 | −2.16 | 24.77 | 25.34 | 27.50 | 0.123 | 0.012 |
−3.08 | −3.13 | 24.91 | 25.84 | 28.97 | 0.138 | 0.014 |
−3.85 | −3.98 | 25.23 | 27.18 | 31.16 | 0.237 | 0.023 |
−4.67 | −4.89 | 24.56 | 26.73 | 31.62 | 0.242 | 0.024 |
−5.44 | −5.23 | 23.97 | 26.11 | 31.34 | 0.251 | 0.025 |
−6.21 | −6.09 | 23.47 | 25.74 | 31.83 | 0.257 | 0.026 |
−6.84 | −6.77 | 22.93 | 24.98 | 31.75 | 0.264 | 0.027 |
−7.32 | −7.43 | 22.56 | 23.46 | 30.89 | 0.258 | 0.026 |
−7.04 | −7.57 | 22.07 | 23.11 | 30.68 | 0.252 | 0.025 |
−5.93 | −7.69 | 21.55 | 22.47 | 30.16 | 0.247 | 0.024 |
−6.87 | −7.85 | 21.18 | 21.99 | 29.84 | 0.238 | 0.023 |
−7.43 | −7.99 | 20.59 | 21.38 | 29.37 | 0.231 | 0.023 |
−7.75 | −7.96 | 19.98 | 20.96 | 28.92 | 0.223 | 0.022 |
−7.91 | −8.12 | 19.47 | 20.48 | 28.60 | 0.115 | 0.014 |
−8.08 | −8.17 | 18.61 | 20.01 | 28.18 | 0.103 | 0.011 |
−6.86 | −7.56 | 17.74 | 19.55 | 27.11 | 0.095 | 0.010 |
−5.21 | −6.07 | 18.37 | 19.87 | 25.94 | 0.084 | 0.009 |
−3.79 | −4.29 | 18.89 | 20.06 | 24.35 | 0.076 | 0.008 |
−2.67 | −3.07 | 19.29 | 20.42 | 23.49 | 0.071 | 0.007 |
−1.57 | −2.58 | 19.67 | 20.77 | 23.35 | 0.062 | 0.006 |
0.13 | 0.88 | 20.28 | 21.13 | 20.25 | 0.045 | 0.005 |
2.48 | 2.97 | 20.57 | 21.49 | 18.52 | 0.037 | 0.004 |
4.56 | 4.78 | 21.19 | 21.87 | 17.09 | 0.035 | 0.003 |
6.47 | 6.99 | 21.61 | 22.14 | 15.15 | 0.028 | 0.003 |
8.28 | 8.94 | 21.95 | 22.98 | 14.04 | 0.022 | 0.002 |
9.96 | 10.87 | 22.37 | 23.76 | 12.89 | 0.016 | 0.002 |
11.57 | 12.08 | 22.89 | 24.48 | 12.40 | 0.014 | 0.001 |
13.21 | 13.86 | 23.28 | 24.97 | 11.11 | 0.009 | 0.001 |
15.17 | 15.07 | 23.79 | 25.66 | 10.59 | 0.011 | 0 |
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Thermal Conductivity/W/(m·K) | Conductivity/(S/m) | Seebeck Coefficient/(V/K) | Density/(kg/m3) | Constant-Pressure Heat Capacity J/(kg·K) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni45Cu55 | 20 | 2.04 × 106 | −3.5 × 10−5 | 8900 | 205.9 |
Ni90Cr10 | 11 | 1.42 × 106 | 2.5 × 10−5 | 8400 | 4.6 |
Al2O3 | 39 | / | / | 3500 | 765 |
Copper | 400 | 5.998 × 107 | 1.5 × 10−6 | 8960 | 385 |
Aluminum alloy frame | 231 | / | / | 2850 | 896 |
XPS | 0.041 | / | / | 34 | 1450 |
Concrete | 1.8 | / | / | 2300 | 880 |
Variable | Temperature | Voltage | Current |
---|---|---|---|
Measurement accuracy | ±3 °C | ±0.05% | ±0.5% |
Uncertainty | ±5% | ±2% | ±3% |
Equipment Name | Material | Number | Dimension | Temperature Difference | Output Power |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CTEG | Bi2Te3 | 127 | 40 mm(L) × 40 mm(W) × 3 mm(T) | 127 °C | 4.9 W |
TEPG–Wall System | Ni90Cr10–Ni45Cu55 | 15 | 80 mm(L) × 2 mm(D) | 55 °C | 0.012 W |
Study | Seasonal Coverage | ΔT Range (°C) | Key Limitations Addressed in This Work |
---|---|---|---|
Lamba and Kaushik [19] | Summer/Winter | 30–100 | No transitional season analysis |
Liao et al. [20] | Summer | 20–60 | Limited to stable lighting conditions |
Huq et al. [22] | Laboratory-Simulated ΔT | 10–50 | Lack of real-world transitional data |
This study | Summer/Winter/Transition | 2–55 | Quantified nonlinear ΔT–voltage relationships in transitional climates |
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Hao, Z.; Hu, R.; Gao, Y.; Liu, J.; Su, X. Design and Experimental Study of a Prefabricated Building Thermoelectric Power Generation–Wall System for Severe Cold Climates. Buildings 2025, 15, 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071076
Hao Z, Hu R, Gao Y, Liu J, Su X. Design and Experimental Study of a Prefabricated Building Thermoelectric Power Generation–Wall System for Severe Cold Climates. Buildings. 2025; 15(7):1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071076
Chicago/Turabian StyleHao, Zhanguo, Ribo Hu, Yi Gao, Jinyuan Liu, and Xiaoming Su. 2025. "Design and Experimental Study of a Prefabricated Building Thermoelectric Power Generation–Wall System for Severe Cold Climates" Buildings 15, no. 7: 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071076
APA StyleHao, Z., Hu, R., Gao, Y., Liu, J., & Su, X. (2025). Design and Experimental Study of a Prefabricated Building Thermoelectric Power Generation–Wall System for Severe Cold Climates. Buildings, 15(7), 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071076