Towards Safer and Healthier Childcare Facilities: Evaluating Environmental and Safety Standards in Daycare Centers in Dubai

Abstract

The increasing demand for childcare facilities in Dubai, UAE, which is driven by urban expansion and workforce growth, calls for a focus on establishing standardized environmental and safety benchmarks. This study evaluated 28 daycare centers categorized by size (large, medium, and small), focusing on indoor environmental quality (IEQ), cleanliness, safety, and space utilization. Findings revealed that while air pollutants like carbon monoxide (0.57 ppm) and formaldehyde (45.8 µg/m³) remained within acceptable limits, carbon dioxide levels (averaging 1048.2 ppm, particularly in large centers) exceeded regulatory standards due to high occupancy rates and inadequate ventilation. Large facilities demonstrated better compliance with kitchen safety (8.8/10) and lighting efficiency, while small centers scored higher in restroom cleanliness (20.8/24, evaluated using eight criteria on a structured 3-point scale). However, spatial accessibility remained a critical challenge across all facility sizes, particularly regarding accommodations for individuals with disabilities. Additionally, excessive lighting levels (717.2 lux) and high indoor temperatures (27–28 °C) further highlighted the need for tailored guidelines. The study emphasizes improving ventilation systems, promoting universal design principles, and targeted investments to address these disparities. By aligning regulatory frameworks with actionable recommendations, this study provides insights for policymakers to enhance the safety, inclusivity, and environmental quality of daycare infrastructure in Dubai.

1. Introduction

Women’s socioeconomic participation in the workforce in Dubai, UAE, has steadily increased over the past two decades [1,2]. At the same time, birth rates are projected to fall below two children per woman by 2030, and the demand for accessible and high-quality childcare and early education services has risen exponentially [3,4]. Currently, over 60% of working mothers in the UAE express the need for reliable daycare facilities, placing substantial pressure on existing childcare infrastructure [5].

The UAE government has enacted progressive policies to expand daycare centers and improve quality to address this demand [6]. Daycare centers in the UAE are classified as public, private, and workplace facilities. These classifications significantly impact resource availability and compliance with regulatory standards, shaping the physical conditions analyzed in this study. By 2025, it is estimated that over 1500 licensed childcare facilities will be operating across the UAE, a sharp rise from fewer than 500 in 2010 [7]. This growth is influenced by key regulatory frameworks, including the Dubai Municipality’s Indoor Air Quality Management Regulations (2008) and the Ministry of Education’s School Health Regulations (2005), which set essential benchmarks for ensuring safe and high-quality childcare environments [8]. This growth reflects a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 10%, highlighting a focused governmental commitment to providing comprehensive childcare solutions [9]. The emphasis on quality has also seen robust regulatory changes. In 2015, the UAE Ministry of Education introduced mandatory minimum space requirements of 3.5 m² per child within daycare centers, ensuring children have sufficient room for movement and activities [10,11]. Furthermore, the teacher-to-child ratio has been reduced to a maximum of 1:6 for children under two and 1:10 for older toddlers, aligning with global best practices [12,13]. Additionally, since 2018, the UAE government has implemented free childcare for Emirati children aged 0–5, benefiting over 50,000 children annually. This initiative represents an annual budget allocation of approximately AED 500 million ($136 million) to ensure accessibility and equity [14,15]. Despite these efforts, critics argue that the expansion has primarily focused on quantitative targets, with qualitative aspects needing further enhancement [16]. A 2022 assessment revealed that 40% of daycare centers lacked adequate air quality monitoring systems, while 30% did not meet advanced safety standards for furniture and equipment [17].

Despite these developments, environmental quality in UAE daycare centers remains underexplored. Studies from other regions, such as Shanghai, Seoul, and Beijing, have highlighted key issues, including elevated CO₂, PM₁₀, and formaldehyde (HCHO) levels [18,19,20]. For example, Takaoka & Norbäck (2019) reported PM₁₀ levels surpassing 100 µg/m³ in 19 out of 30 daycare centers surveyed in Shanghai, while Hwang et al. (2025) found similar exceedances in 3% of facilities in Seoul [21,22]. A comparative study in Beijing revealed that while PM₁₀ concentrations were within acceptable limits in most daycare centers, CO₂ levels exceeded standards in 20% of surveyed facilities [23].

The UAE’s unique climatic conditions and regulatory frameworks present additional challenges, including managing indoor air quality, lighting, and thermal environments [24]. Recent studies indicate that many UAE daycare centers face deficiencies in air quality monitoring systems, space utilization, and ergonomic safety measures [25]. A 2022 study found that 37% of daycare facilities in the UAE reported CO₂ and TVOC concentrations exceeding recommended levels, highlighting the need for targeted interventions [26].

Studies on the physical environmental conditions of nurseries in Dubai remain limited. While global studies emphasize indoor air quality concerns, they often overlook Dubai’s unique environmental and regulatory conditions [18,19,20]. Moreover, global investigations often overlook the specific climatic and cultural factors influencing nursery design and management in the UAE [21,22].

The present study seeks to address this gap by analyzing the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in nurseries within Dubai, focusing on indoor air quality, space utilization, lighting, and safety standards. Specifically, the study aims to answer the question: How do indoor environmental quality factors influence the overall safety and developmental support provided by nursery environments in Dubai? Unlike studies conducted in other regions, this study considers the UAE’s distinct regulatory framework, cultural practices, and climatic challenges, contributing to the unique dynamics of nursery environments in Dubai [27].

Indoor environment quality (IEQ) in daycare centers is critical due to the heightened sensitivity of infants and toddlers to environmental conditions [28]. Children under five inhale 50% more air per body weight than adults, making them particularly vulnerable to pollutants, allergens, and toxins [29]. Prior research shows sensory environments can enhance child development, but findings often lack regional specificity [30]. Studies indicate that children spend over 70% of their waking hours indoors, underscoring the importance of maintaining clean, safe, and stimulating spaces [31]. Research conducted across UAE daycare facilities in 2022 revealed that only 65% met standards for optimal lighting and ventilation, and 45% required improvements in ergonomic furniture design [32]. The integration of environmental design, sensory stimulation, and hygiene protocols is necessary to enhance early childhood development [33]. For example, early educational research indicates that children exposed to well-designed sensory spaces show a 20% improvement in cognitive and emotional development scores compared to peers in less supportive environments [34,35].

This study evaluates the physical environment and uniquely focuses on the sound, light, and heat conditions of daycare centers in Dubai, focusing on factors such as indoor cleanliness, air quality, space utilization, and safety standards. This study integrates quantitative data (CO₂ levels, lighting intensity) with qualitative spatial and safety assessments through a mixed-methods approach. By surveying over 200 facilities, the study seeks to identify patterns and propose strategies to create environments conducive to the holistic growth and well-being of infants and toddlers, setting a benchmark for regional childcare infrastructure. These methods aim to bridge the gap between regulatory requirements and practical implementation, comprehensively evaluating Dubai’s nursery environments [36,37,38,39].

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Classification and Standards for Daycare Centers

The UAE’s childcare regulations categorize daycare centers into several types based on ownership, management, and operational framework [40]. These include national and public daycare centers, corporate daycare centers, private daycare centers, workplace daycare centers, home-based daycare centers, and parent cooperative daycare centers [41].

National and public daycare centers are managed by government entities, including federal and local authorities, ensuring accessibility and adherence to high standards [42]. Corporate daycare centers refer to facilities established and operated by organizations such as social welfare entities under the regulatory framework of relevant social welfare laws [43].

Individuals or organizations typically operate private daycare centers to meet varying community needs [44]. Workplace daycare centers serve the children of their employees, either independently or in collaboration with other entities. These centers are typically located within or near the workplace or in residential areas densely populated by employees, such as staff housing [45,46,47].

Home-based daycare centers offer small-scale, personalized childcare options, often catering to niche needs. Similarly, parent-cooperative daycare centers emphasize collective management by guardians, highlighting community-driven childcare models [48].

This classification system ensures compliance and adaptability to diverse childcare needs [49].

Daycare centers are classified as large, medium, or small based on their operational scale and child capacity. This additional classification enables analysis of how facility size impacts compliance with safety, inclusivity, and environmental quality standards across Dubai’s childcare system.

2.2. Current IEQ Standards in Daycare Centers

The Dubai Municipality’s Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Regulations for Multi-Use Facilities (2008) stipulate mandatory indoor air quality inspections for daycare centers, as outlined in Article 3 (Scope of Application) and its Enforcement Decree [50]. These regulations apply to a wide range of daycare facilities, including national and public daycare centers with a floor area of 430 square meters, corporate daycare centers, private daycare centers, and infant and toddler care facilities within workplace daycare centers [51].

The Indoor Air Quality Management Regulations establish maintenance standards for five key pollutants: PM₁₀, CO₂, HCHO, CO, and total suspended bacteria [52,53]. PM₁₀ and CO are prioritized due to their potential health implications in enclosed spaces. PM₁₀ exposure can exacerbate respiratory issues and allergies for young children in daycare centers, making monitoring essential. Similarly, CO, often linked to vehicular emissions or poorly ventilated indoor appliances, poses a significant risk of toxicity in poorly ventilated spaces. Despite Dubai’s clean city status, localized factors such as construction and centralized HVAC systems necessitate PM₁₀ and CO level monitoring.

Additionally, recommended guidelines have been set for five other pollutants—nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), radon (Rn), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), asbestos, and ozone (O₃)—that are associated with external sources or are less commonly linked to acute daycare exposure risks [54]. These recommended guidelines encourage voluntary compliance to improve air quality further (

Table 1. Indoor Air Pollutant Standards.

Category	PM10 (µg/m3)	CO2 (ppm)	HCHO (µg/m3)	Total Suspended Bacteria (CFU/m3)	CO (ppm)
Maintenance Criteria	Less than 100 µg/m3	Less than 1000 ppm	Less than 100 µg/m3	Less than 800 CFU/m3	Less than 10 ppm
Category	NO2 (ppm)	Rn (Bq/m3)	TVOC (µg/m3)	Asbestos (unit/cc)	O3 (ppm)
Recommendation Criteria	Less than 0.05 ppm	Less than 148 Bq/m3	Less than 400 µg/m3	Less than 0.01 unit/cc	Less than 0.06 ppm

).

Standards for indoor temperature, humidity, noise, and lighting are adopted from the Ministry of Education’s School Health Regulations (2005), ensuring a safe and conducive environment for young children [55]. The indoor temperature is required to be between 18 °C and 28 °C, with specific ranges for heating (18 °C to 20 °C) and cooling (26 °C to 28 °C). Relative humidity (RH) should be maintained between 30% and 80%, providing optimal comfort and safety. Noise levels must remain at or below 55 dB (A). At the same time, illuminance (artificial lighting) must meet a minimum of 300 lux to ensure adequate visibility and prevent eye strain.

These regulations serve as benchmarks for compliance, identifying gaps, and guiding improvements in daycare environments.

These standards reinforce Dubai’s commitment to maintaining high indoor air quality and environmental comfort in daycare centers, prioritizing child health and safety. [56]. By adopting global best practices, Dubai ensures stringent child-centric environmental standards [57,58,59].

2.3. Research Methods

Detailed Descriptions of Nurseries:

Twenty-eight centers located in Dubai were selected for the study to examine the indoor living environments of daycare centers. Centers were classified by size:

• Large-scale: 430 m² or more
• Medium-scale: 200–429 m²
• Small-scale: Less than 200 m²

These size classifications align with global standards and UAE regulatory frameworks. Floor area correlates with occupancy, resource allocation, and environmental compliance.

The investigation was conducted for each category to analyze the living environment based on center size [60]. Figure 1 provides site photographs to illustrate the interior layout of some nurseries. The pictures focus only on the spatial and testing locations. Equipment was placed to avoid disruptions and prioritize safety.

Distribution of Centers by Location:

Table 2. Distribution of Daycare Centers by District in Dubai.

District	Large Size (430 m2 or More)	Medium Size (200–430 m2)	Small Size (Less than 200 m2)	Total
Deira	4	3	1	8
Al Barsha	2	2	2	6
Umm Suqeim	0	4	2	6
Dubai Marina	4	3	0	5
Business Bay	1	1	1	3
Total	9	13	6	28

presents the distribution of the 28 daycare centers across key regions of Dubai, including Deira, Al Barsha, Umm Suqeim, Dubai Marina, and Business Bay. The sample comprised nine large-scale centers, 13 medium-scale centers, and six small-scale centers. The indoor environments of daycare centers were assessed by investigating various physical environmental factors. These included the concentration levels of PM₁₀, HCHO, CO₂, and CO, as well as temperature, humidity, ventilation, noise, and lighting conditions [61]. The survey was conducted over six weeks, from November 17 to December 23, 2024, to capture comprehensive data on the environmental quality within the selected daycare centers.

Timing and Placement of Measurements:

Temperature, humidity, and noise levels within daycare centers were measured at three locations: the daycare room during regular class activities, the hallway, and the outdoor environment. Noise levels were measured for 10 min during peak activity hours to ensure representative data.

CO, CO₂, PM, HCHO, and illuminance were explicitly measured in the center of the daycare room during class activities and in the hallway [62,63]. Measurements were conducted during routine rather than extended periods to minimize disruption. Each instrument’s specifications, including measurement precision and detection limits, are detailed in (

Table 3. IEQ Measurement Device and Method.

IEQ Factors	Measuring Equipment	Measuring Method	Measuring Location
Temperature/Humidity	Extech HD500 (Extech Instruments, Nashua, NH, USA)	Instantaneous Measurement	Daycare Room, Corridor, Outdoor
Noise	TES-1355 (TES Electrical Electronic Corp., Taiwan)	10-min Measurement
CO	Testo 350	30-min Measurement	Daycare Room, Corridor
CO2	Testo 350	30-min Measurement
PM	Temtop PMD351	30-min Measurement
HCHO	Temtop PMD331	5-min Measurement
Illuminance	Hioki FT3424	Instantaneous Measurement

). Calibration procedures followed manufacturer guidelines before each measurement session to ensure accuracy. Testing equipment was placed strategically to avoid interfering with activities and safety protocols—average concentration.

The height of all measurements was standardized at 1 m above the ground to align with children’s breathing zones. To improve accuracy, multiple readings were averaged over 30 min per location.

All measurement instruments met international indoor air quality (IAQ) standards, ensuring precision and reliability. For PM₁₀ measurements, the Temtop PMD351 (Temtop, Shenzhen, China), a laser particle counter capable of detecting PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM₁₀ particles, offers a precision of ±1.5% for particulate matter ranging from 0–999 µg/m³ and achieves 90% accuracy for particles ≥ 0.3 µm. Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) using the Testo 350 (Testo SE & Co. KGaA, Titisee-Neustadt, Germany), which employs an electrochemical sensor for CO (precision: ±0.1 ppm up to 500 ppm) and a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensor for CO₂ (precision: ±50 ppm below 1000 ppm), with auto-compensation for temperature and humidity fluctuations. Formaldehyde (HCHO) was assessed using the Temtop PMD331 (Temtop, Shenzhen, China), an advanced electrochemical sensor with a precision of ±5% for concentrations ranging from 0–100 µg/m³. Illuminance was measured with the Hioki FT3424 (Hioki E.E. Corporation, Nagano, Japan), which offers a precision of ±3% for readings up to 20,000 lux and automatically adjusts for natural and artificial light sources.

On-Site Assessments for Cleanliness and Safety:

Relevant standards guided the assessment of indoor environmental cleanliness and safety, referencing the UAE’s Early Childhood Care and Education Guidelines and applicable regulatory frameworks [64]. The on-site survey was structured to include detailed evaluations using predefined checklists for cleanliness, safety, and facility management. Scoring criteria and assessment frequency were established to ensure consistency and rigor [65]. Scores in Section 3.3 and Section 3.4 were derived using a standardized rubric, ensuring objective comparisons. Key indicators included hygiene protocols, facility maintenance, and furniture/equipment condition.

Each assessment criterion was rated on a 3-point scale (1 = poor, 2 = moderate, 3 = good), and the total score for each category was calculated by summing the ratings of all evaluated elements. For instance, restroom cleanliness was assessed using eight criteria, with a maximum possible score of 24 points. This approach ensures consistent evaluation across facility sizes, highlighting areas needing improvement. These components provide a comprehensive understanding of the indoor environment and its alignment with recommended standards for daycare centers (

Table 4. IEQ Measurement Device and Method.

Category		Methods	Factors
IEQ	Physical Environments	Measurements	Air
			Noise
			Illuminance
			Temperature/Humidity
	Maintenance	Site Survey	Cleanliness
			Facility Management
		Evaluation	Cleanliness
			Safety
			Management

).

3. Results

3.1. Management Status and Regulatory Compliance by Facility Size

Table 5. General Characteristics of Target Daycare Centers.

Category		Large	Medium	Small	Mean
Total Floor Area (m2)		595.2	277.2	140.0	337.5
Facility Area (m2)		547.1	261.6	128.1	312.3
Number of Faculty and Staff (Person)		14.6	8.2	5.0	9.3
Number of Infants and Toddlers	Full Capacity	95.3	54.0	26.1	58.5
	Current	83.2	46.3	23.6	51.0

summarizes the management status and evaluation criteria for daycare centers categorized by size. The centers were classified into large, medium, and small facilities based on their total floor area. Large daycare centers were defined as those with a floor area of 430 square meters or more, medium-sized facilities between 200 and 430 square meters, and small facilities with less than 200 square meters.

All nine large daycare centers comply with the Indoor Air Quality Management Regulations for Multi-Use Facilities (2008), requiring adherence to pollutant thresholds for PM₁₀, CO₂, HCHO, and other air quality indicators to ensure children’s safe and healthy indoor environment.

In contrast, medium- and small-sized daycare centers are not subject to mandatory indoor air quality regulations. As a result, this regulatory gap leaves approximately 68% of the facilities surveyed without formal oversight for air quality compliance. Medium- and small-sized centers often follow voluntary guidelines or individual management practices, leading to potential variations in environmental quality.

This disparity highlights the need for more inclusive regulatory policies that address all-size facilities, ensuring consistent indoor air quality and environmental safety. Extending air quality regulations to these facilities could significantly improve childcare conditions and protect children’s health regardless of facility size.

3.2. Current Status of Physical Environment Factors

Table 6. Survey Results of Physical Environment in Daycare Centers.

IEQ Factors		Large Size (9 Centers)	Medium Size (13 Centers)	Small Size (6 Centers)	Mean	Standards Deviation (±)
Temperature (°C)	Daycare Room	27.4	27.8	27.9	27.8	0.26
	Corridor	28.2	27.6	28.8	28.1	0.49
	Outdoor	28.4	29.2	29.8	29.1	0.77
Humidity (%)	Daycare Room	61.9	58.7	60.6	60.2	1.61
	Corridor	65.6	62.8	61.4	63.5	2.12
	Outdoor	68.7	62.8	68.6	66.0	3.46
CO (ppm)	Daycare Room	0.78	0.53	0.33	0.57	0.23
	Corridor	0.33	0.46	0.33	0.39	0.08
CO2 (ppm)	Daycare Room	1049.2	748.7	943.2	887.1	125.56
	Corridor	603.5	578.3	718.5	616.4	76.12
HCHO (µg/m3)	Daycare Room	43.6	49.4	41.2	45.8	4.14
	Corridor	73.6	48.4	23.3	51.2	25.41
PM10 (µg/m3)	Daycare Room	13.0	14.8	12.8	13.8	0.84
	Corridor	15.6	13.5	13.8	14.3	0.84
Noise (dB)	Daycare Room	72.4	73.38	67.2	71.9	3.06
	Corridor	67.8	66.2	71.4	67.9	2.62
	Outdoor	71.9	71.6	69.7	71.3	1.15
Illuminance (lux)	Daycare Room	517.2	442.4	417.0	525.3	52.92
	Corridor	257.0	290.9	210.5	261.8	40.90

Notes: Averages of physical parameters (Noise, CO₂, Lighting, and Temperature) were calculated from three test points: daycare room, hallway, and outdoor reference point. During routine operational hours, data were collected over six weeks (17 November–23 December 2024) to reflect realistic conditions. Thresholds: Noise > 55 dB exceeds acceptable indoor limits; CO₂ > 1000 ppm indicates inadequate ventilation; Lighting < 300 lux is insufficient; and optimal temperature ranges between 22–26 °C. Values are presented as Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD), where higher SD values indicate more significant variability across daycare centers.

presents the survey results for the physical environmental factors of the indoor living environment—temperature, humidity, PM₁₀, CO₂, CO, HCHO, noise, and illuminance—across 28 daycare centers categorized by size.

Temperature and Humidity

Indoor temperature ranged between 27.0 °C and 28.0 °C, with minimal variation across facility sizes. Humidity levels ranged from 58.0% to 62.0, meeting the School Health Regulations’ indoor environment standards. However, some facilities exceeded recommended temperature levels, indicating a need for more precise climate control (Figure 2). During the November–January survey period, Dubai’s typical indoor temperatures ranged from 17 °C to 28 °C, with humidity levels between 35% and 55%. While recorded values were suitable for winter, excessive indoor heating should be avoided during cooler months.

Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Formaldehyde (HCHO)

CO concentrations varied by facility size, averaging 0.78 ppm (large centers), 0.53 ppm (medium centers), and 0.33 ppm (small centers). The overall average of 0.57 ppm, remained well below the regulatory limit. All centers used electric cooking appliances, minimizing CO emissions.

HCHO concentrations were 43.6 µg/m³ (large centers), 49.4 µg/m³ (medium centers), and 41.2 µg/m³ (small centers), with ±45.8 µg/m³, remaining below the regulatory standard. These values align with previous studies reporting average formaldehyde levels of ±50 µg/m³.

Particulate Matter (PM₁₀) and Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

PM₁₀ concentrations are 13.8 ± 0.84 µg/m³, substantially below the 100 µg/m³ maintenance standard. This value is less than half the previously reported ±48.04 µg/m³, indicating effective air quality management in surveyed daycare centers.

CO₂ levels, however, posed challenges in large facilities (Figure 3). Large daycare centers exceeded the regulatory standard, averaging 1048.2 ppm, while medium centers ± 943.3 ppm, nearing the threshold of 1000 ppm. Small-scale centers maintained CO₂ levels slightly below the limit. High CO₂ levels correlated with lower space-per-child ratios, particularly in centers where occupancy density approached or fell below the 2.64 m² childcare room standard.

Sherzad et al. (2022) observed CO₂ of ±812.5 ppm in childcare settings, with 6 out of 30 facilities exceeding the standard [66]. Similar trends were linked to occupancy density during measurements, reinforcing the need for improved ventilation. While most parameters (PM₁₀, CO, HCHO) remained within limits, CO₂ in larger facilities requires attention due to its direct correlation with occupancy density. Enhanced ventilation and adherence to space-per-child standards can significantly improve indoor air quality in Dubai daycare centers.

Noise and Lighting Conditions

Noise measured during activities in daycare centers ranged from 67.0 to 74.0 dB (A), significantly exceeding the standard limit of 55 dB (A) set by the School Health Regulations (Figure 4). This aligns with the findings Mahmoud et al. (2023) reported, indicating a consistent trend of elevated noise levels in such facilities [67]. Excessive noise can negatively impact the comfort and well-being of children, emphasizing the need for effective noise management strategies.

Illumination levels, particularly in large daycare centers, ±517.2 lux, meeting but far exceeding the minimum standard of 300 lux specified in the School Health Regulations (Figure 5). While sufficient lighting is critical for safety and educational activities, the reported levels are considered excessive for environments designed for infants and toddlers. Excessive illumination may disrupt the creation of a comfortable and nurturing indoor environment, which is essential for the dual roles of daycare facilities as both caregiving and educational spaces.

These findings underscore the need for balanced illumination and noise management standards in daycare centers that support children’s development and comfort. Regulatory adjustments and improved management practices are essential to maintaining functional, child-friendly environments in daycare centers.

3.3. Current Status of Cleanliness and Maintenance Factors

Table 7. Survey Results of the Cleanliness and Maintenance Factors of the Daycare Centers.

Category	Factors	Large Size (9 Centers)	Medium Size (13 Centers)	Small Size (6 Centers)	Mean	Standards Deviation (±)
Overall Indoor Space Maintenance	Whether ventilation and air purification facilities are available	Air Purifier (1 Center) Ventilation Fan (1 Center)	N/A	Ventilation Fan (2 Centers)	-	-
	Average number of mechanical ventilations per day	1.5 (2 Centers)	N/A	Occasionally (2 Centers)	-	-
	The average number of natural ventilations per day	3.2 (9 Centers)	3.5 (13 Centers)	3.5 (6 Centers)	3.4	0.17
	Number of cleanings per day	2.1 (9 Centers)	1.8 (13 Centers)	2.6 (6 Centers)	2.17	0.40
	Regular disinfection, cleaning frequency per month	2.3 (9 Centers)	1.5 (13 Centers)	1.2 (6 Centers)	1.67	0.55
	Regular washing and disinfection of mats and bedding per month	2.3 (9 Centers)	3.5 (13 Centers)	2.3 (6 Centers)	2.7	0.69
	Frequency of regular disinfection of cleaning tools and trash cans per month	2.3 (9 Centers)	3.5 (13 Centers)	1.8 (6 Centers)	2.53	0.85
Kitchen	Frequency of daily kitchen cleaning	2.6 (9 Centers)	2.2 (13 Centers)	2.7 (6 Centers)	2.5	0.25
	Type and availability of Ventilation	Hood Fan (9 Centers)	Hood Fan (13 Centers)	Hood Fan (6 Centers)	-	-
	Availability of Window Screen	Window Screen (8 Centers) No Window (1 Center)	Window Screen (12 Centers) No Window (1 Center)	Window Screen (5 Centers) No Screen (1 Center)	-	-
Bathroom	Frequency of daily bathroom cleaning	1.4 (9 Centers)	1.3 (13 Centers)	1.5 (6 Centers)	1.4	0.10
	Type and availability of Ventilation	Exhaust Fan (6 Centers) No Fan (3 Centers)	Exhaust Fan (9 Centers) No Fan (4 Centers)	Exhaust Fan (5 Centers) No Fan (1 Center)	-	-
Air-Conditioning Facilities	Central A/C	9	13	6	-	-
Fire Extinguisher Equipment	Fire Extinguisher	9	13	6	9.3	3.51
	Sprinkler	5	3	3	3.7	1.15
	Simple Sprinkler	2	1	1	1.3	0.58
Alarm Equipment	Emergency alarm system	9	11	5	8.3	3.06
	Automatic fire detection system	9	9	5	7.7	2.31
	Automatic fire alarm system	9	10	5	8.0	2.65
	Gas leak alarm system	9	11	6	8.7	2.52
Shelter Facilities	Emergency exit	9	13	6	9.3	3.51
	Emergency stairs or slides for infants and toddlers	9	10	6	8.3	2.08
	Escape guidance lights	9	13	6	9.3	3.51

Note: Cleanliness and Maintenance Factors in Daycare Centers. Scores range from 1 to 5, where 1 indicates poor compliance, 3 represents moderate compliance, and 5 reflects excellent compliance with hygiene and safety standards. The overall cleanliness scores were calculated as the average individual scores for indoor spaces, kitchens, and bathrooms. Values are presented as Mean ± Standard Deviation. Standard deviation indicates the variability in measured parameters across daycare centers of each size. Higher SD values reflect more significant differences between facilities, highlighting areas with inconsistent environmental conditions.

presents the survey results on the status of cleanliness and facility equipment in various areas of daycare centers, including overall indoor spaces, kitchens, bathrooms, and washroom areas.

Ventilation and Air Purification

The findings revealed inadequacies in ventilation and air purification across facility sizes. Among large facilities, only one had an air purifier and a ventilator, while another had only one ventilator, accounting for 22.2% of the surveyed facilities. None of the medium facilities were equipped with air purification or ventilation devices. In contrast, two small facilities (33.3%) were equipped with blowers. Overall insufficiency of mechanical ventilation and air purification systems in the surveyed daycare centers.

For natural ventilation practices, all facilities reported regular natural ventilation. Large facilities ±3.2 natural ventilation cycles per day, medium facilities 3.6 cycles, and small facilities 3.5 cycles, indicating minimal variation by size. Each ventilation session typically ranged from 30 min to 1 h. While natural ventilation practices were consistent, the lack of mechanical ventilation and air purification systems underscored the need for improvements to ensure optimal indoor air quality.

Cleaning and Disinfection Practices

Daycare facilities cleaned indoor spaces 1.8 to 2.6 times daily. Large daycare centers had the highest frequency of monthly disinfection (2.1 times per month). Medium centers cleaned mats and bedding most frequently (3.5 times per month). Future research should focus on identifying the chemicals used to assess their long-term health impacts.

Kitchen Ventilation and Hygiene

Kitchen cleaning was consistent across all facility sizes, with cleaning performed 1.8 to 2.6 times daily. Ventilation hoods were installed in all kitchens, ensuring essential air circulation. However, a significant design issue was identified in the absence of windows in some kitchens. Specifically, two large-scale (22.2%), one medium-scale facility (7.7%), and one small-scale (16.6%) had no kitchen windows, which compromises ventilation. Additionally, one large-scale (11.1%) and one medium-scale (7.7%) lacked windows, highlighting a critical architectural flaw in these childcare centers.

Restroom and Washroom Ventilation

Restrooms and washrooms were cleaned 1.3 to 1.5 times daily across all facilities. However, many facilities lacked exhaust fans, raising concerns about odor control and comfort. Specifically, three large-scale (33.3%), four medium-scale (30.8%), and one small-scale (16.7%) were without exhaust fans, underscoring a notable deficiency in ventilation systems for these essential areas.

Air Conditioning and Fire Safety Compliance

Air-conditioning facilities in the surveyed daycare centers varied, with two large-scale facilities using a combination of system air conditioning and ceiling cooling. All facilities had individually air-conditioned rooms, ensuring proper temperature regulation. Fire extinguishers were installed in all daycare centers, and the overall installation rates for alarm and evacuation equipment were high, indicating substantial compliance with fire safety standards.

These findings highlight both strengths in routine maintenance practices and critical gaps in ventilation and design that must be addressed to enhance the functionality and safety of daycare facilities.

3.4. Evaluation of Cleanliness, Safety, and Management of Daycare Centers

The evaluation of cleanliness, safety, and management of various spaces in daycare centers was conducted using a scoring system, as detailed in

Table 8. Evaluation of Cleanliness, Safety, and Management of the Daycare Center.

Category	Contents		Evaluation			Mean	Standards Deviation (±)
			Large	Medium	Small
Cleanliness of Indoor Space	Are the entrance, hallway, passageway, stairs, and windows consistently clean and tidy?		2.7	2.8	2.8	2.77	0.06
	Are all indoor spaces, including daycare areas and shared spaces, well-maintained regarding cleanliness and hygiene?		2.7	2.6	2.8	2.70	0.10
	Cleanliness of daycare room	Floor	3.0	2.8	2.8	2.87	0.12
		Window and window frame	2.6	2.6	3.0	2.73	0.23
		Locker	2.9	2.7	3.0	2.87	0.15
		Basket	2.8	2.6	3.0	2.80	0.20
		The back corner of the locker	2.6	2.5	3.0	2.70	0.26
	Total		19.3	18.6	20.4
Cleanliness of Kitchen	Are the kitchen sinks and floor drains clean and free of food debris?		2.9	2.8	2.8	2.83	0.06
	Are countertops, sinks, and dish cabinets always kept clean and sanitary?		2.8	2.8	2.7	2.77	0.06
	Are the kitchen’s gas ranges, hoods, and exhaust fans cleaned daily to avoid stains?		2.7	2.5	2.3	2.50	0.20
	Are there facilities for sterilizing dishes and ensuring hygienic food preparation and cooking?		3.0	2.8	2.7	2.83	0.15
	Total		11.4	10.9	10.5
Cleanliness of Bathroom	Are bathrooms and washrooms equipped with essentials like dry towels, soap, toilet paper, and trash cans?		2.6	2.6	2.8	2.67	0.12
	Are toilets cleaned frequently to ensure they remain clean at all times?		2.7	2.8	3.0	2.83	0.15
	Are cleaning tools and necessary supplies readily available to maintain the cleanliness of bathrooms and washrooms?		2.9	2.8	3.0	2.90	0.10
	Are cleaning tools stored safely out of reach of infants and toddlers?		2.7	2.3	2.5	2.50	0.20
	Are the bathroom and sink floors free from water or soap stains?		3.0	2.8	2.7	2.83	0.15
	Are personal toothbrushes adequately managed?		2.9	2.8	2.8	2.83	0.06
	Is there a dedicated area for dental care?		1.4	1.6	1.5	1.50	0.10
	Is the ventilation sufficient to prevent odors?		2.3	2.3	2.5	2.37	0.12
	Total		20.5	20.0	20.8
Overall Indoor Safety	Is the front door secured to prevent infants and toddlers from leaving unsupervised and to block unauthorized entry?		2.8	2.8	2.8	2.80	0.00
	Are all doors accessible to infants and toddlers equipped with finger-trapping prevention devices?		2.6	2.5	1.3	2.13	0.68
	Are storage units in hallways or playrooms designed with heavy items stored at the bottom for stability, and are shelves equipped with supports to prevent items from falling?		2.9	2.8	2.8	2.83	0.06
	Are hallways, stairs, and playroom bulletin boards securely fixed to prevent them from falling?		2.9	3.0	3.0	2.97	0.06
	Are the floors of stairs, bathrooms, and washrooms equipped with anti-slip measures to prevent falls?		2.7	2.9	2.5	2.70	0.20
	Is the hot water temperature controlled with safety measures to prevent burns from excessively high temperatures?		2.4	2.6	3.0	2.67	0.30
	Total		16.2	16.9	15.4
Kitchen Safety	Is the kitchen area separate from the activity areas for infants and toddlers?		2.9	3.0	2.8	2.90	0.10
	Are kitchen facilities installed in locations inaccessible to infants and toddlers?		2.9	3.0	3.0	2.97	0.06
	Do all childcare workers effectively supervise and manage infants and toddlers to prevent them from entering the kitchen?		3.0	3.0	3.0	3.00	0.00
	Total		8.8	9.0	8.8
Daycare Room Safety	Are window guards installed on accessible windows to prevent falls?		2.1	1.2	2.2	1.83	0.52
	Are cords cut short to prevent infants and toddlers from entanglement or tripping if curtains or blinds are present?		2.7	2.1	2.3	2.37	0.31
	Are safety covers installed on electrical outlets in the nursery?		2.3	1.8	2.3	2.13	0.29
	Are long wires and cords managed to ensure they are out of reach and not pose a tripping hazard for infants and toddlers?		2.7	2.2	2.5	2.47	0.25
	Are the nursery’s protruding radiators or heating facilities equipped with protective devices such as fences?		2.9	3.0	3.0	2.97	0.06
	Are desks, chairs, and teaching aids undamaged, with rounded corners or smooth surfaces, or equipped with corner guards?		3.0	3.0	3.0	3.00	0.00
	Are teaching aids placed stably to prevent easy movement by infants and toddlers, with heavy objects stored at the bottom, and are shelves securely installed to avoid falling objects?		2.9	2.9	3.0	2.93	0.06
	Is the electric fan fitted with a safety cover and installed safely out of the reach of infants and toddlers?		2.7	2.3	2.0	2.33	0.35
	Are safety measures in place to prevent infants and toddlers from touching hot water from the water purifier installed in the nursery?		3.0	2.8	3.0	2.93	0.12
	Is the nursery floor evenly installed to prevent infants and toddlers from tripping on raised or uneven surfaces?		3.0	2.9	3.0	2.97	0.06
	Total		27.1	24.2	26.3
Overall Outdoor Safety	Are sandpits, natural and artificial grass, rubber mats, and waste tire blocks safely and securely installed in the outdoor playground?		3.0	2.8	3.0	2.93	0.12
	Are outdoor air conditioning units, LPG gas tanks, or similar equipment installed in areas inaccessible to infants and toddlers?		2.6	2.8	2.8	2.73	0.12
	If such equipment is accessible to infants and toddlers, are safety covers in place to prevent contact?		2.6	2.8	2.8	2.73	0.12
	Is the foundation of the daycare center structurally safe and stable?		2.7	3.0	3.0	2.90	0.17
	Are maintenance hole covers adequately secured and safe?		2.8	3.0	3.0	2.93	0.12
	Are there any puddles, uneven surfaces, rusted parts, or potential electrical hazards in the outdoor area?		2.7	2.7	2.8	2.73	0.06
	Are there any hazardous items, such as piles of wood, broken furniture, or other heavy objects, in the yard or corners of the daycare center that could pose a safety risk?		2.9	2.8	2.8	2.83	0.06
	When infants and toddlers play outdoors, is the play area adequately protected from vehicle access?		2.6	2.6	3.0	2.73	0.23
	Total		21.9	22.5	23.2
Access Area Management	Is the main entrance easily accessible from the road?		2.4	2.8	3.0	2.73	0.31
	Is there a height difference between the road and the main entrance?		2.8	3.0	3.0	2.93	0.12
	Is the internal main entrance door a swing door that allows easy access?		2.9	2.8	2.7	2.80	0.10
	Are the doors in daycare rooms sliding, with no steps, allowing easy access to the space?		2.0	2.1	1.2	1.77	0.50
	Are there additional facilities available to accommodate individuals with disabilities?		1.5	1.1	1.0	1.20	0.26
	Total		11.6	11.8	10.9
Lighting Management	Are appropriate windows or tints installed to regulate lighting effectively?		2.9	2.6	3.0	2.83	0.21
	Are suitable blinds installed to control lighting as needed?		2.8	2.5	2.3	2.53	0.25
	Does the daycare center receive sufficient natural lighting?		2.8	2.9	3.0	2.90	0.10
	Is sunlight adequately utilized without excessively blocking by heavy tints or curtains/blinds drawn throughout the day?		2.9	2.7	3.0	2.87	0.15
	Are appropriate lighting fixtures available throughout the daycare center, including in activity areas?		3.0	2.8	3.0	2.93	0.12
	Are indoor lighting facilities functioning properly and well-maintained?		2.9	2.9	3.0	2.93	0.06
	Total		17.3	16.4	17.3

Note: Scores range from 1 to 5, with 1 indicating minimal adherence to safety protocols and 5 indicating full compliance. Safety factors include anti-slip flooring, protected electrical outlets, secure door handles in indoor areas, shock-absorbing materials, and controlled vehicle access in outdoor areas. Values are presented as Mean ± Standard Deviation. Standard deviation indicates the variability in measured parameters across daycare centers of each size. Higher SD values reflect more significant facility differences, highlighting areas with inconsistent environmental conditions.

. Each evaluation item was rated on a scale of 1 to 3, where 3 points indicated excellence, 2 points indicated good performance, and 1 point indicated poor performance.

Small centers achieved the highest indoor cleanliness scores (20.4 points), followed by large centers (19.3 points) and medium centers (18.6 points). Large centers had the highest kitchen cleanliness scores (11.4 points), followed by medium (10.9) and small centers (10.5). However, key kitchen components—gas ranges, hoods, and exhaust fans—were rated substandard across all facility sizes.

Bathroom and washroom cleanliness varied minimally, with scores of 20.5 (large), 20.0 (medium), and 20.8 (small). Despite satisfactory cleanliness, dental care spaces were inadequate, and poor ventilation contributed to noticeable odors.

Medium-sized centers scored highest for overall indoor safety, while small centers lacked essential features like safe door handles and anti-slip devices. Kitchen safety scores were consistent across facility sizes: 8.8 points (large & small centers) and 9.0 points (medium centers). Daycare center safety showed disparities: Large centers: 27.1 points, Small centers: 26.3 points, and Medium centers: 24.2 points (lowest score). The lower safety score in medium centers resulted from missing window guards and outlet covers, which are essential for accident prevention. Outdoor space safety was rated higher for small centers, likely due to their residential locations with restricted vehicle access. Lighting maintenance and management were consistent across all facility sizes: 17.3 points (large & small centers) and 16.4 points (medium centers); small centers had insufficient lighting control devices, lowering their overall rating.

Access space management scores showed slight variation: large centers: 11.6 points, medium centers: 11.8 points, small centers: 10.9 points. However, all facilities scored poorly in accessibility for disabled individuals (±1.2 points). Similarly, entrance and exit safety received low scores (±1.7 points), reflecting insufficient facility safeguards and maintenance. These findings highlight strengths in routine cleanliness but expose critical gaps in safety and accessibility. Addressing ventilation deficiencies, improving safety measures in medium centers, and enhancing lighting control are essential for creating safer, well-managed daycare spaces in Dubai.

3.5. Maintenance Assessment by the Size of Daycare Center

The maintenance assessment of daycare centers in Dubai covered nine key areas: indoor space cleanliness, kitchen cleanliness, bathroom cleanliness, overall indoor safety, kitchen safety, childcare room safety, outdoor safety, access space management, and lighting and lighting management. Each area was evaluated on a 3-point scale, with achievement levels calculated as the ratio of points obtained to the maximum possible score (

Table 9. Achievement of Daycare Center Maintenance Assessment.

Category	Large Size (9 Centers)		Medium Size (13 Centers)		Small Size (6 Centers)		Level (Mean)
	Earned Score/Full Score	Level	Earned Score/Full Score	Level	Earned Score/Full Score	Level
Cleanliness of Indoor Space (7 Questions)	19.3/21.0	0.92	18.6/21.0	0.89	20.4/21.0	0.97	0.93
Cleanliness of Kitchen (4 Questions)	11.5/12.0	0.96	10.9/12.0	0.91	10.5/12.0	0.86	0.91
Cleanliness of Bathroom (8 Questions)	20.6/24.0	0.86	20.2/24.0	0.84	20.8/24.0	0.87	0.86
Overall Indoor Safety (6 Questions)	16.2/18.0	0.90	16.9/18.0	0.94	15.4/18.0	0.86	0.90
Kitchen Safety (3 Questions)	8.8/9.0	0.98	9.0/9.0	1.0	8.8/9.0	0.98	0.97
Daycare Room Safety (10 Questions)	26.6/30.0	0.89	24.5/30.0	0.85	26.3/30.0	0.88	0.86
Overall Outdoor Safety (8 Questions)	21.9/24.0	0.91	22.5/24.0	0.94	23.2/24.0	0.97	0.94
Access Area Management (5 Questions)	17.3/18.0	0.96	16.2/18.0	0.90	17.3/18.0	0.96	0.94
Lighting Management (6 Questions)	11.7/15.0	0.78	11.8/15.0	0.79	10.9/15.0	0.73	0.76
Total Achieving Level (Mean)	-	0.91	-	0.89	-	0.89	-

Note: All scores represent multiple assessment criteria, each rated on a 3-point scale. Earned Score/Full Score represents the actual score achieved out of the total possible score for each category. The Level (Mean) represents the ratio of achieved to full scores, ranging from 0 (no compliance) to 1 (full compliance). Higher Level (Mean) values indicate better performance and greater compliance with regulatory standards for daycare facilities.

).

The achievement levels across the nine areas were ±0.91 for large centers, 0.89 for medium centers, and 0.89 for small centers. Large centers performed marginally higher, while medium and small showed no significant difference. Achievement levels were consistently high, exceeding 0.90 in several areas: lighting and lighting management (0.94), indoor space cleanliness (0.93), kitchen cleanliness (0.91), kitchen safety (0.97), overall indoor safety (0.90), and overall outdoor safety (0.94). Kitchen cleanliness was consistently high, highlighting its importance for child health and hygiene. However, restrooms (0.86) and childcare room safety (0.86) were rated lower, indicating room for improvement. Given that these spaces are central to the daily activities and well-being of infants and toddlers, enhanced measures are necessary to raise their standards. The access space management area received the lowest score, at 0.76. Issues such as inadequate sliding doors and insufficient accommodation for individuals with physical disabilities contributed to this low score.

Daycare centers lack adequate facilities for children with disabilities, falling behind specialized institutions. Addressing these gaps requires policy-driven initiatives, financial investments, and facility upgrades, and ensuring equitable access and safety for all children and caregivers, especially those with disabilities, is essential.

4. Discussion

The findings from this study provide significant insights into the environmental and safety conditions of Dubai daycare centers, highlighting achievements and critical areas for improvement [68]. A key observation is the disparity in the compliance and achievement levels across daycare centers of different sizes [69,70]. While large centers generally performed better in cleanliness and safety, medium and small centers showed shortcomings, particularly in ventilation systems, access management, and accommodations for individuals with disabilities [71].

Daycare centers’ demonstrated strengths in managing lighting and maintaining cleanliness in indoor spaces, kitchens, and bathrooms [72]. However, this study did not collect specific data on cleaning frequency by location or disinfectant types, limiting the ability to assess potential toxicity risks. Future research should analyze the chemical composition of cleaning agents and examine how urban and suburban hygiene schedules influence environmental quality.

Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation

CO₂ levels in large centers frequently exceeded acceptable thresholds due to high occupancy densities and inadequate ventilation [73]. CO₂ concentrations varied significantly across centers, averaging 1049.2 ± 125.56 ppm in large centers (exceeding standards deviation) and 943.2 ± 125.56 ppm in smaller facilities (approaching threshold). Addressing CO₂ exceedances requires improved mechanical and natural ventilation strategies, including enhancing ventilation systems, optimizing classroom layouts to reduce occupancy density, and implementing regular air quality monitoring. Improper mechanical ventilation maintenance, such as unclean filters and inappropriate biocide use, poses additional health risks. Stricter maintenance protocols and alternative ventilation strategies are necessary.

Noise Levels and Acoustic Challenges

Noise levels in daycare centers are 71.9 ± 3.06 dB, exceeding recommended thresholds. Larger centers recorded slightly higher noise levels (72.4 ± 3.06 dB), suggesting more significant soundproofing challenges. Variations in daily activities, occupancy, and external noise sources significantly influence noise levels, particularly in urban versus suburban centers [18,19,20]. High noise levels in daycare environments can negatively impact cognitive and emotional development, similar to air quality and lighting [30,31]. Optimizing acoustic conditions enhances sensory development [34]. Future studies should extend noise measurement durations to capture daily variability, conduct multiple site visits to assess fluctuations across different times and days and investigate the impact of biocides on activity patterns and room usage [34].

Safety and Accessibility Deficiencies

Safety evaluations revealed deficiencies in medium and small daycare centers, particularly in the lack of anti-slip measures, inadequate electrical outlet covers, and child-safe door handles [74]. Stronger safety regulations and financial support are needed. Subsidizing safety upgrades (e.g., anti-slip flooring, outlet covers, and child-safe door handles) can improve compliance [75]. Access space management scored lowest, particularly in centers lacking sliding doors and disability-friendly amenities. Addressing these challenges requires targeted infrastructure investments and universal design modifications [76,77].

Air Quality Management and Location-Specific Variations

While natural ventilation is consistently practiced, mechanical air purification remains inadequate in medium and small centers, posing indoor air quality risks.

PM₁₀ levels: 13.8 ± 1.03 µg/m³ (low variability, well-managed air quality)

CO₂ levels: Higher in urban centers due to higher occupancy density

Smaller suburban centers: Benefited from better airflow and lower pollution exposure

Future research should incorporate location-specific data to analyze how geographic context affects environmental and safety conditions.

Outdoor Safety and Infrastructure Improvements

While some daycare centers excel in outdoor safety, others lack vehicle access control and safe playground surfaces. Ensuring uniformly high outdoor safety standards is crucial for children’s physical and cognitive development: regular outdoor safety audits, shock-absorbing playground materials, and clear vehicle access control measures. These enhancements will improve outdoor safety and promote child development. Implications for Policy and Center Management.

The findings of this study emphasize the need to balance quantitative expansion with qualitative improvements in daycare centers. Key strategies include stronger regulatory frameworks, financial support for smaller daycare centers, and innovative design solutions. These efforts will ensure compliance with safety and environmental standards while enhancing child well-being.

5. Conclusions

This study underscores the critical need to balance quantitative expansion and qualitative improvements in daycare centers across Dubai, ensuring safe and developmentally supportive environments for children. While key environmental factors, such as carbon monoxide, fine dust, and formaldehyde, remained within regulatory limits, CO₂ levels (1049.2 ± 125.56 ppm) and noise (71.9 ± 3.06 dB) frequently exceeded recommended thresholds, necessitating enhanced ventilation and noise management strategies.

Temperature and humidity levels were consistently high, highlighting the need for environment-specific HVAC standards to improve indoor comfort and air quality. Similarly, excessive artificial lighting in large centers disrupted spatial functionality, emphasizing the importance of integrating natural lighting solutions alongside artificial illumination standards to create a well-balanced indoor environment.

Cleanliness and safety assessments revealed size-related disparities, with large centers excelling in resource-intensive areas (e.g., kitchen and childcare room cleanliness). In contrast, small centers benefitted from easier restroom and interior cleanliness management. However, accessibility for individuals with disabilities remained inadequate across all center types, reinforcing the need for universal design adaptations and targeted infrastructure investments.

Hygiene-related aspects, particularly kitchen cleanliness, were well-maintained, yet disinfection practices require oversight to prevent excessive exposure to toxic cleaning agents. Establishing regulatory guidelines for safer disinfectants and increasing awareness of biocide-related health risks is crucial for protecting children and staff.

To address these challenges, future efforts should prioritize enhancing ventilation systems to mitigate high CO₂ concentrations, incorporating mechanical ventilation upgrades, optimized classroom layouts, and routine air quality monitoring. Additionally, improving noise control through acoustic modifications and extended monitoring will help maintain a healthier learning environment. Temperature and humidity control should be refined by implementing environment-specific HVAC systems tailored to Dubai’s climate. Lighting conditions require adjustments to balance natural and artificial illumination, ensuring functional and child-friendly spaces.

Regarding accessibility, targeted financial incentives and infrastructure investments should support medium and small daycare centers in complying with universal design standards. Improving entry/exit accessibility, restroom modifications, and child-friendly pathways will create a more inclusive daycare environment.

Finally, future research should explore geographic variations in daycare environmental conditions, particularly differences between urban and suburban centers in air quality, ventilation efficiency, and safety compliance. A comprehensive regulatory approach—including periodic environmental audits, increased funding, and technological advancements—will contribute to sustainable improvements in daycare centers across Dubai and similar regions.