Collaborative Enhancements of Community Walking Environments for Low-Carbon Development and Age-Friendly Objectives: A Systematic Review

Abstract

As global urbanization accelerates and the challenges of an aging population and climate change intensify, the need for sustainable and inclusive urban design has never been more pressing. This study examines the intersection of low-carbon strategies and age-friendly walking environments, focusing on how collaborative approaches can optimize community spaces for elderly mobility while meeting sustainability goals. A comprehensive literature review, systematically conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, examines the role of walking networks, green spaces, and public facilities in creating low-carbon, accessible, and health-enhancing environments. The research reveals a gap in integrating low-carbon goals with elderly mobility needs, stressing the importance of collaborative governance in urban planning. This collaborative synergy—combining community input, urban policy, and low-carbon design solutions—can create environments that not only reduce emissions but also enhance elderly well-being. By exploring the synergies between these elements, the study proposes a framework for collaborative urban planning that ensures both environmental sustainability and the well-being of elderly populations. The results suggest that integrating low-carbon principles with age-friendly design can simultaneously reduce carbon emissions and improve the quality of life for elderly residents. Future research should focus on refining this framework and addressing the barriers to effective collaboration in urban planning.

1. Introduction

In the context of global climate change and environmental pollution control, low-carbon development has become a fundamental issue in urban sustainable design. Walking, the most basic form of low-carbon transportation, holds a dominant position in the daily mobility of elderly individuals [1]. Not only does it contribute to meeting carbon reduction targets in the transportation sector, but it also plays a pivotal role in enhancing air quality, improving residents’ health, and fostering sustainable development [2].

Previous studies have demonstrated a significant connection between various characteristics of the built environment and the walking activities of the elderly, including sidewalk quality, shading infrastructure, greenery levels, and social interaction opportunities [3,4]. These studies predominantly explore factors such as elderly satisfaction, comfort, sense of belonging, and safety [5,6], underscoring the critical role of age-friendly design in optimizing walking environments [7]. Cross-cultural comparative research further affirms the universal applicability of these findings [8], enhancing the robustness of the theoretical framework. However, most existing research focuses on the independent influence of individual environmental elements, with a notable lack of studies addressing the collaborative mechanisms for integrating sustainable community development goals with age-friendly walking environments. The integration of low-carbon strategies with social inclusivity and elderly mobility requires a collaborative approach, combining technical solutions with community governance to create an environment that prioritizes both environmental sustainability and the well-being of elderly populations [9].

Although research on the transportation choices of the elderly has explored environmental factors and multimodal transport options [10,11], studies on low-carbon sustainability have primarily focused on building-related aspects such as low-carbon materials and energy-efficient technologies [12,13]. Existing research often overlooks the integration of low-carbon principles in the design of age-friendly walking spaces, or conversely, fails to adequately consider the diverse needs of elderly individuals within low-carbon technological frameworks. Whether it is the oversight of low-carbon dimensions in built environment research or the oversimplification of age-friendly needs in low-carbon technology studies, these approaches have yet to fully analyze the relationship between low-carbon development and walking environments. This gap in the literature limits the understanding of how low-carbon development and walking environments can be optimized in tandem. Therefore, this paper focuses on addressing this gap by exploring the intersection of low-carbon goals and age-friendly design, particularly within community walking environments, with a methodology that aims to analyze their collaborative optimization.

The primary research question guiding this study is: How can low-carbon strategies be applied to walking environments to enhance accessibility, safety, and comfort for elderly individuals? The goal is to propose a comprehensive framework that integrates low-carbon technologies with age-friendly urban planning, ensuring that urban spaces are both environmentally sustainable and supportive of elderly mobility. A comparative analysis of the literature from Europe, North America, and Asia highlights the benefits of incorporating low-carbon and age-friendly design features in urban environments, particularly within community walking spaces. The structure of this review is illustrated in Figure 1. Building upon the methods outlined in Section 2, this study follows a systematic literature review approach, using the PRISMA guidelines (see Supplementary Materials) to identify relevant studies published between 2010 and 2024. The research systematically analyzes the literature discussed in Section 3 and organizes the findings into three key dimensions: pedestrian networks, green space design, and public facilities. These dimensions have consistently been highlighted in existing research as critical to enhancing elderly mobility and quality of life. Pedestrian networks directly influence elderly mobility, while green spaces provide ecological benefits [14,15,16], such as carbon sequestration, as well as social and health advantages for elderly populations. Public facilities [17], particularly multifunctional ones [18], play a vital role in promoting social participation and meeting the practical needs of elderly individuals. Section 4 examines the synergistic effects across these dimensions and proposes a comprehensive strategy for integrating low-carbon and age-friendly designs. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for collaborative governance models that combine technical solutions with community-driven approaches, ensuring that the specific needs of elderly populations are effectively addressed in urban planning. Future research should continue to explore how community participation can enhance the long-term sustainability and inclusivity of low-carbon, age-friendly environments, ultimately paving the way for more holistic urban development.

2. Methods

2.1. Literature Search

This study adheres to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for literature retrieval and selection, ensuring the systematic and comprehensive inclusion of relevant studies [19,20]. Specifically, PRISMA was followed to structure the search and selection process, including the identification of relevant studies through predefined keyword combinations, followed by a rigorous screening process based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. This process involved reviewing titles, abstracts, and full texts to ensure the relevance of the studies to the research objectives. Using PRISMA helped to minimize selection bias and ensured a comprehensive understanding of the existing literature, enhancing the transparency and reproducibility of the study. Literature searches were primarily conducted in two databases—Web of Science and Scopus. The search employed keyword combinations such as “low-carbon,” “sustainable development,” “green development,” as well as “community” and “walkability,” ensuring broad coverage of research related to low-carbon development and age-friendly walking environments. The search was designed to capture studies that explore both the environmental and social dimensions of urban sustainability, particularly focusing on the collaboration between low-carbon goals and the creation of walkable spaces for elderly populations. A systematic screening process was conducted to identify the most relevant literature related to the research topic. To ensure a comprehensive understanding, the full texts of selected articles were thoroughly reviewed. The time frame for the study spans from 2014 to 2024, with a focus on English-language journal articles, ensuring the inclusion of both recent advancements and foundational works. The initial literature search was performed on 10 November 2024, followed by a follow-up search on 15 June 2025, to incorporate any new relevant studies published after the initial review.

2.2. Screening

After retrieving 260 records from the databases, this study followed the PRISMA steps for screening, eligibility, and inclusion to compile and select qualifying articles for a detailed review. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed to ensure that the selected articles align with the core research objective: understanding the intersection of low-carbon development and age-friendly walking environments. These criteria were designed to focus on studies that examine the built environment’s impact on elderly walking behavior within low-carbon and sustainable contexts. As shown in Figure 2, the first step involved title screening, during which 39 duplicates were removed from the 260 retrieved records. The remaining 221 articles’ abstracts were reviewed, resulting in 69 records that met the inclusion criteria, as outlined in

Table 1. Inclusion and Exclusion criteria.

Category	Criteria
Inclusion	Built environment’s impact on elderly walking behavior
	Sustainable transportation involving walking
	Focus on elderly populations
	Walking environments in low-carbon/sustainable contexts
Exclusion	Built environment-unrelated physiological/mental health studies
	Sustainable transportation excluding walking
	Non-elderly populations (e.g., adolescents, commuters)
	Low-carbon/sustainable topics unrelated to walking

. These records were selected because they directly addressed the themes of walking environments, sustainability, and elderly mobility, which are central to this study’s objectives. Studies that did not focus on these areas, such as those unrelated to walking or those studying populations other than the elderly, were excluded. The full texts of these 69 records were then carefully examined, and 40 studies deemed highly relevant were selected as eligible. This step ensured that the studies chosen provided valuable insights related to both low-carbon development and elderly mobility, which are crucial for understanding the collaboration between these two aspects. Furthermore, 11 additional records from other data sources were included, bringing the total number of eligible articles to 51. This inclusion of articles from additional sources helped to ensure that a wide range of relevant literature was captured. This selection process ensures both the relevance and quality of the literature, with the inclusion and exclusion criteria presented in Table 1.

2.3. Study Characteristics

Further analysis of the selected articles was conducted, as depicted in Figure 3, which highlights the research characteristics. From a temporal perspective, the number of publications in this field has surged dramatically since 2021, accounting for approximately 68%. This increase suggests a growing global interest in integrating low-carbon development goals with age-friendly walking environments, likely driven by evolving urban sustainability policies and aging population trends.

Geographically, the majority of research has been concentrated in Asia (25 [51%]) and Europe (12 [24.5%]), reflecting these regions’ strong focus on sustainable urban development. In Asia, countries like South Korea and China are leading the integration of low-carbon strategies into urban planning [1,21], primarily driven by the rapid pace of urbanization, high population densities, and aging demographics. These nations are particularly focused on pedestrian network connectivity, green space design, and the integration of low-carbon technologies into their urban infrastructure, aiming to create environments that are both sustainable and accessible to aging populations. In contrast, European countries, especially those in Northern and Western Europe, also exhibit a strong commitment to low-carbon, age-friendly urban spaces. Research here tends to emphasize green space multifunctionality and low-carbon public facilities that foster social inclusion [22,23]. The integration of walking paths with public transportation systems is another prominent focus [24]. These regions also incorporate a strong policy-driven approach, with urban policies that actively promote sustainability, public health, and elderly mobility [25]. Europe’s research emphasizes governance frameworks, community engagement, and intergenerational inclusivity, highlighting their focus on collaborative urban planning and policy design.

However, regions like Sub-Saharan Africa and South America show a considerable research gap, with less than 5% of studies originating from these areas. Sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, is experiencing rapid urbanization, but there is limited research on how to incorporate low-carbon strategies within age-friendly walking environments. Similarly, South America has a rising elderly population, yet research on low-carbon, age-friendly walking spaces remains scarce. Interestingly, the research landscape varies considerably based on regional and cultural contexts. For example, countries with advanced social welfare systems (such as in Northern Europe) tend to focus more on the integration of social inclusivity and environmental sustainability, while in high-density Asian cities, the priority may be on optimizing pedestrian networks and low-carbon transportation systems [4]. In regions like Sub-Saharan Africa, the priority may lie in establishing basic infrastructure and addressing accessibility issues for elderly populations [26], with less emphasis on integrating low-carbon principles at this stage.

This study also examined the diverse data sources utilized in the research, noting that most studies (n = 19, 38.78%) were small to medium-sized case studies focused on the walking environments of specific communities or cities, which may limit the generalizability of findings. A significant portion of the research (32.65%, n = 16) employed a mixed-methods approach, combining both subjective perceptions and objective evaluations, highlighting the importance of understanding both individual experiences and environmental factors. 16.33% (n = 8) utilized publicly available databases for quantitative research, while 12.24% (n = 6) were large-scale walking behavior surveys. The analysis reveals that current research predominantly relies on case-specific studies and mixed approaches integrating subjective and objective data, with comparatively fewer studies utilizing large standardized databases or conducting large-scale behavioral surveys. Additionally, cross-regional comparative studies should be prioritized to explore how age-friendly, low-carbon walking environments can be optimized and developed in harmony within different cultural contexts and policy environments.

3. Results

This section presents an analysis of the key dimensions identified in the literature concerning low-carbon walking environments for elderly individuals. The dimensions selected for analysis—walking networks, green space landscapes, and low-carbon integration of public facilities—are central to understanding how low-carbon development goals intersect with age-friendly urban design.

Optimizing walking networks is fundamental to understanding elderly low-carbon travel behavior, as the availability of efficient, accessible walking paths significantly influences elderly individuals’ transportation choices and their willingness to walk in low-carbon environments. Green space landscapes affect the comfort and social interaction in walking environments, with well-designed green areas contributing not only to physical health but also to social cohesion among elderly individuals. Lastly, the low-carbon integration of public facilities is closely related to sustainable transportation and quality of life, as facilities that are both environmentally friendly and accessible enhance the elderly’s mobility, safety, and overall well-being.

Each of these dimensions is explored from a variety of perspectives, including mobility behavior, spatial optimization, and the integration of low-carbon strategies. By focusing on these key areas, this study aims to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding how urban environments can be optimized to achieve both low-carbon and age-friendly objectives, ensuring that the needs of elderly populations are met within the broader context of sustainable urban development. The following subsections present the findings in detail, exploring how these dimensions intersect and contribute to the creation of inclusive, sustainable urban spaces for the elderly.

3.1. Walking Networks and Low-Carbon Mobility: Connecting Communities and Elderly Access

From the review of studies on the relationship between walking networks and low-carbon travel among the elderly, it is clear that walking connectivity plays a significant role in influencing elderly travel demand and choices. Consequently, connectivity within community walking networks has garnered increasing attention in both review articles and original research in recent years. However, its connection to low-carbon development remains insufficiently explored. Overall, there is a limited number of studies that focus on the spatial evaluation of walking environments under low-carbon demands, typically framed in the context of developing low-carbon living areas or integrating walking networks with low-carbon transportation.

3.1.1. Improving Walking Accessibility for Elderly Populations

Existing studies indicate that, in general, elderly individuals tend to prefer walking as their mode of transportation [11]. This preference, however, can vary across different societies and is often influenced by factors such as health conditions or mobility limitations. Higher walking connectivity has been associated with an increased willingness to walk, which in turn enhances accessibility and convenience. Research indicates that creating effective walking networks can reduce travel distances [27] and improve the efficiency of reaching key destinations. The concept of a 15-min living circle, as a model supporting low-carbon travel [28], ensures that elderly individuals have easy access to essential destinations such as healthcare facilities, recreational spaces, and social services.

Scholars have employed a variety of technological approaches to systematically construct and assess the advantages and disadvantages of a targeted 15-min living circle for elderly individuals. Ali et al. developed a correlation model based on ArcGIS Pro 3.0 to analyze the relationship between the distribution of service facilities and resident accessibility. Their results indicated that when service accessibility within the 15-min walking range improves, both the number of users and walking rates nearly double [29]. This model highlights the positive impacts of effective walking connectivity for elderly populations, but it also points to the need for integrating low-carbon strategies, such as utilizing sustainable materials and energy-efficient technologies, into the design of these networks. However, most current studies and practices define the boundaries of living circles using Euclidean distance, often overlooking the heterogeneity in the actual walking abilities of the elderly. To better integrate low-carbon goals with elderly mobility, future research must prioritize the heterogeneous needs of the elderly, particularly their physical limitations like mobility impairments or vision problems, and consider how walking network designs can address these factors. In a study of residential communities in Nanjing, China, Zhou et al. supported the use of boundary space models, suggesting that optimizing boundary density and openness could enhance walking network connectivity and reduce detour distances [30]. Furthermore, emerging technologies such as LBS (Location-Based Services) and AI path planning have become key models in recent years, particularly in enhancing the dynamic adaptability of walking networks. For instance, mHealth-based interventions offer personalized walking route recommendations [31], enriching the walking experience by evaluating both obstacles and facilitators along the route.

The introduction of technological tools has revealed the unique nature of elderly mobility behavior, prompting researchers to further analyze these behaviors across various contexts. In their community study, Yang et al. simulated residents’ walking behaviors and found that walking paths in public activity areas (primarily frequented by the elderly) and commercial facilities (primarily frequented by younger people) overlapped significantly [32], causing discomfort for the elderly during leisure walks. Similarly, Herbolsheimer et al. investigated the effect of community density on elderly walking behavior. While elderly individuals in high-density communities walk more frequently, the concentration of commercial facilities and the safety of the walking environment were found to be key factors influencing leisure walking experiences [33]. These studies emphasize the importance of walkability when creating living circles and stress the need to optimize walking networks to cater to the specific needs of elderly populations.

3.1.2. Integrating Walking Networks with Low-Carbon Transport

The interaction between communities and external low-carbon transportation modes is a crucial point of entry for research on walking networks. From the perspective of spatial planning, the efficiency of connections between different low-carbon transportation modes is mainly reflected in walking duration and service radius, which directly affect the travel mode choices of elderly individuals.

Studies have shown that the layout of bus stops contributes to an increased frequency of leisure walking, particularly in areas with a higher number of stops, where elderly individuals significantly extend their walking time [34]. This indicates a correlation between the optimization of transportation networks and greater participation in walking. When the distribution of bus stops is optimized (e.g., through station reorganization), walking time can be significantly reduced [23]. Excessively long walking distances or prolonged walking times can negatively impact the elderly’s physical health and travel needs, thereby increasing the likelihood that they will opt for motorized transportation. In general, highly connected walking networks provide more convenience, facilitating easier access to bus stops for elderly individuals [35,36].

In recent years, the rise of shared transportation modes such as shared bicycles has become a key topic in low-carbon travel research. In high-density communities, the disorderly parking of shared bicycles and electric bikes occupies sidewalks and public spaces [21], creating what is referred to as “walking breaks.” To address this, shared resources, such as public spaces and walking areas, need to be integrated into the spatial planning of low-carbon transportation networks. By reducing conflicts between walking and other transport modes, the collaboration between urban planners, transportation officials, and community members can ensure that low-carbon transportation networks are both efficient and accessible for elderly individuals. Furthermore, studies such as those by Liang et al. highlight the importance of redistributing spatial resources and improving public transportation connections in high-density communities [37]. By addressing these spatial and social dimensions collaboratively [38], it becomes possible to optimize both low-carbon and age-friendly transportation networks. In the process, the community’s needs are central to the development of integrated and inclusive transportation systems.

In conclusion, while walking networks and low-carbon transportation systems have often been studied in isolation, the collaborative integration of these elements is essential to meeting the dual goals of environmental sustainability and elderly mobility. The design of pedestrian networks must go beyond just connectivity and consider how to best integrate them with low-carbon transport systems, ensuring that both elderly mobility and carbon reduction objectives are effectively met. Future studies should explore how collaborative governance frameworks can enhance the development of such integrated solutions, ensuring that walking networks not only meet low-carbon goals but also provide equitable, accessible, and safe environments for elderly individuals.

Table 2. Key Findings on the Characteristics of Walking Networks.

Reference	Key Findings	(+/−) Impact on Elderly Travel Opportunities (Positive/Negative)
[11]	Walking environments influence elderly mode choice during sustainability transitions.	(+) Safer environments (−) Inadequate facilities reduce participation
[21]	Impact of neighborhood morphology on low-carbon travel (walking, cycling, transit).	(+) High-density areas promote walking (−) Isolation limits accessibility
[23]	Walking accessibility to public transport stations.	(+) Increased transit access (−) Long distances deter elderly walking
[24]	Suburban low-carbon strategies to address elderly travel gaps.	(+) Improved accessibility (−) Suburban infrastructure deficiencies
[27]	Factors influencing urban walking willingness and elderly environment sustainability.	(+) Improved safety (−) Inadequate elderly-specific facilities
[30]	Residential boundary design affects low-carbon travel.	(+) Open spaces enhance walking (−) Closed communities restrict access
[31]	Mobile health apps promote active elderly lifestyles through route guidance.	(+) Personalized walking support (−) Digital literacy barriers
[32]	Framework for enhancing elderly mobility via community walking networks.	(+) Efficient walking networks (−) Poor design reduces mobility
[37]	Community walking accessibility moderates elderly tech use and social engagement.	(+) Low-stress environments (−) E-bike risks for elderly safety
[39]	Integration of traditional culture with modern low-carbon travel practices.	(+) Better walking conditions (−) Cultural resistance to modern methods
[40]	Community walking accessibility moderates elderly tech use and social engagement.	(+) Boosts social interaction (−) Low tech adoption limits participation
[41]	Low-carbon lifestyles linked to chronic disease management and elderly health.	(+) Encourages physical activity (−) High-intensity activities unsuitable for some elderly
[42]	Walking accessibility critical for sustainable elderly mobility.	(+) Enhanced infrastructure (−) Regional facility gaps limit mobility
[43]	Rural elderly travel modes in low-carbon transitions.	(+) Promotes low-carbon travel (−) Geographic and infrastructural limits

provides a review of the core findings from the relevant literature, summarizing their positive or negative impacts on elderly travel behavior and further highlighting the key contradictions and synergies in optimizing walking networks.

3.2. Green Space Design for Walkability and Sustainability

While pedestrian network connectivity has received considerable attention, green space landscapes have been the focus of more research in the field of walkability, particularly concerning the use of various indicators and tools to assess walkability [44,45]. However, there has been limited focus on the role of green spaces beyond their carbon sequestration function, with less emphasis on their broader value. Understanding how elderly individuals perceive their walking environment and how the features of green spaces affect their walking comfort, social engagement, and contribution to the development of low-carbon communities is of great importance. According to the literature reviewed, the most commonly studied factors of green spaces that attract elderly walkers can be categorized into: health benefits and social interaction opportunities.

3.2.1. Enhancing Walking Comfort Through Green Space Layout

The literature analysis reveals that research on elderly perceptions of green spaces typically addresses elements such as layout, form, and design. The arrangement of green spaces not only influences the elderly’s perception of the physical environment, but also plays a critical role in shaping their walking comfort, overall satisfaction, and their assessments of community managers and green space designers.

Green space design should align with and support the preferences and needs of the elderly. Existing research has highlighted the positive outcomes linked to active walking, indicating that the primary reasons respondents visit green spaces are to enjoy nature, fresh air, and to engage in recreational activities and walking [26]. Studies show that elderly individuals are more likely to choose walking paths with high green coverage and good shading [4,22]. Cui’s research suggests that when the green space area (PLAND) increases by 10%, the surface temperature drops by 0.39 °C, and carbon absorption capacity increases by 8–10% [46]. Moreover, research indicates that the morphology of green spaces (such as aggregation and edge density) has a significant impact on urban heat island effects and carbon absorption. The more intricate the green space design, the more effective the carbon absorption. This design approach helps mitigate the effects of solar radiation on surface temperature, alleviating the heat island effect [47,48], while also improving air quality and reducing noise pollution [49], ultimately creating a more comfortable and healthy walking environment. Furthermore, elderly residents living in areas with abundant green space have significantly better health outcomes compared to those in less green areas, with an Odds Ratio (OR) of 0.90 for health self-assessments, suggesting that higher green density contributes to better elderly health [50].

A series of studies emphasizes the dispersed layout and diversity of green spaces [51], assessing their influence on elderly engagement in outdoor activities. Research has explored the link between the accessibility and quality of green spaces and the health of the elderly. Each increase in accessibility to green spaces is associated with a reduction in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases [52]. They also discuss the feasibility of implementing dispersed green space layouts and the elderly’s acceptance of such designs. Many elderly individuals believe that such designs help lower morbidity rates and improve physical health, attention, and cognitive abilities [53,54]. The collaboration between ecological design and age-friendly planning is crucial in ensuring that green spaces are accessible and beneficial for elderly populations. Optimizing green space layouts with both ecological and experiential goals in mind helps create an environment that encourages walking and promotes social engagement, directly supporting low-carbon travel.

3.2.2. Promoting Social Interaction with Green Spaces

The connection between green spaces and walking environments, along with design elements that encourage elderly social interaction and community participation, has been extensively studied due to their significant impact on the quality of life of older adults. Research indicates that compared to single-function green spaces, those with integrated functions provide more diverse options for walking and activities [52]. Elderly individuals in multifunctional green spaces engage in social interactions 8.5% more frequently and walk 12.6% more often compared to those in single-function green areas [22]. Residents who use multifunctional green spaces experience a significant improvement in their overall sense of well-being [47]. Basit et al. also argue that optimizing walking and resting areas can positively influence elderly perceptions of multi-functional spaces [55].

Design features that foster cross-generational interactions, such as placing children’s playgrounds next to elderly activity areas like Tai Chi zones, have been found to create informal social interactions and boost elderly mobility. These interactions help form a positive feedback loop of increased walking and greater social participation, both of which are critical for low-carbon and age-friendly community development. Research suggests that low-carbon collective activities—such as communal gardening, local recreational events, and shared dining—can effectively reduce social isolation, which is particularly important in aging populations [25]. These collective activities align with both low-carbon strategies and the goal of fostering age-friendly environments, reinforcing the collaborative relationship between sustainability and elderly well-being.

In conclusion, the integration of low-carbon and age-friendly goals through green space design plays a vital role in optimizing walking environments for the elderly. By considering both ecological and social dimensions in green space planning, cities can promote low-carbon travel, enhance elderly mobility, and foster a sense of community. However, their precise contribution to low-carbon goals remains a topic of ongoing debate.

Table 3. Key Findings on the Characteristics of Green Spaces.

Reference	Key Findings	(+/−) Impact on Elderly Travel Opportunities (Positive/Negative)
[4]	Mechanisms by which street environment factors influence elderly path selection	(+) Improved greening; enhanced road conditions and shading (−) High pedestrian and vehicle traffic reduces walking comfort
[22]	Analysis of the environmental and socio-economic factors influencing green space use	(+) Provides a quiet walking environment (−) Significant disparities in space accessibility
[26]	Study on social motivations and social benefits of elderly use of green spaces	(+) Increases space utilization; expands social engagement (−) Uneven distribution limits accessibility
[46]	Impact of green space layout on heat island effect and elderly walking behavior	(+) Enhances environmental benefits (−) Extreme weather conditions weaken walking motivation
[48]	Study on optimizing community green space structure and its carbon neutrality effectiveness	(+) Mitigates the urban heat island effect and promotes walking (−) Insufficient new green spaces reduce walking participation
[50]	Effects of green exposure on elderly health improvement	(+) Increased greening significantly improves health perception
[52]	Impact of COVID-19 on elderly accessibility to green spaces	(+) Shorter walking distances increase frequency (−) Variations in spatial distribution cause imbalanced accessibility
[53]	Relationship between environmental perception and elderly health indicators	(+) Improved quality of greenways (−) Pollution exposure diminishes walking behavior
[55]	Synergistic ecological and health benefits of greenbelt protection	(+) Healthy walking environments reduce environmental stress (−) Lack of maintenance limits the benefits of green spaces
[56]	Study on the effects of walking environments and green spaces on elderly obesity risks	(+) Environmental improvements lower obesity risk (−) High environmental congestion reduces walking willingness

summarizes the influence of green space characteristics on elderly walking behavior, indicating their positive or negative effects, and providing empirical evidence for future optimization strategies.

3.3. Low-Carbon Public Facilities Supporting Elderly Mobility

The low-carbon collaborative design of public facilities has gained significant attention in recent research, focusing on how these facilities can balance safety, comfort, and sustainability, especially in the context of walking environments for elderly individuals. Collaborative design here refers to the integration of technological solutions with community-driven strategies, ensuring that public facilities meet the low-carbon objectives while also addressing the specific mobility and social needs of elderly populations. This alignment of low-carbon strategies with age-friendly design requires a multidimensional approach, which combines technical innovation, community feedback, and social governance to optimize both environmental and social outcomes.

3.3.1. Designing Low-Carbon Facilities for Elderly Safety and Comfort

Low-carbon auxiliary facilities play a crucial role in promoting elderly walking activities, with their design being influenced by factors such as safety and usage frequency. For instance, sunshade designs that incorporate natural ventilation [57,58] and shading functions help reduce discomfort during walking. These facilities enhance elderly walking comfort and activity frequency by regulating the microclimate [59], though their effectiveness relies on ergonomic suitability [60]. Therefore, the design should account for the elderly’s sensitivity to environmental temperature and humidity, integrating more detailed climate-adaptive features to reduce any potential physiological discomfort during walking. The collaborative aspect of facility design lies in the inclusion of both technical innovations (e.g., solar-powered systems) and community-driven design approaches, where the real needs of elderly populations, such as their sensitivity to environmental factors, are prioritized. In a study based on the Kano-IPA model examining elderly seating in large urban parks in China, the impact coefficients for “backrest angle” and “seat cushion design” on satisfaction were 0.69 and 0.66, respectively [61], helping to effectively reduce fatigue during walking. Additionally, research has highlighted the use of low-carbon, environmentally friendly materials in facilities [62]. After incorporating natural wood and green insulation boards into public facility construction, a pilot green building zone in Dalian reduced lifecycle carbon emissions and significantly improved resident satisfaction. This suggests that low-carbon materials can mitigate environmental noise and temperature fluctuations [63], making walking paths more suitable and comfortable for elderly activities. By incorporating materials that are both eco-friendly and age-friendly, these facilities contribute to a holistic approach that harmonizes low-carbon strategies with elderly needs, fostering a more inclusive and sustainable urban environment.

The implementation of lighting systems, particularly for nighttime walking, plays an essential role in reducing the risk of falls and improving the walking comfort and confidence of the elderly by providing ample and consistent illumination. The low-carbon transformation of nighttime lighting systems faces both technical challenges and issues related to adapting to specific needs. While solar-powered streetlights can reduce carbon emissions and provide high-quality lighting [64], their stability is limited by regional sunlight conditions and energy storage technologies [65]. To overcome this, hybrid energy systems and intelligent control technologies can effectively address intermittent energy supply problems, ensuring the safety of walking paths. This collaborative approach, where technological solutions are combined with community feedback on lighting needs, helps bridge the gap between technical advancements and real-world applications for elderly populations. Additionally, lighting design should account for seasonal and weather-related changes, incorporating adaptable smart lighting systems to ensure efficiency, energy conservation, and the ability to adjust as needed.

3.3.2. Multi-Functional Facilities for Social Inclusion and Resource Efficiency

The multifunctional integration of public facilities is increasingly recognized as an effective strategy to address resource limitations and diverse demands. The “shared functional areas” concept emphasizes the coordinated arrangement of walking spaces and public service facilities [18]. Ma et al. highlighted that incorporating transportation hubs and medical stations into community walking networks not only reduces the radius of elderly daily activities but also improves the efficiency and resource utilization of associated facilities [10]. The core of this design philosophy is to optimize the use of existing resources while delivering a more convenient and seamless walking experience for the elderly.

It is crucial to understand that functional integration goes beyond the mere physical overlap of spaces and should also involve a deeper emotional and cultural fusion. Research shows that the integration of cultural landmarks or art installations with walking paths can foster a sense of place attachment among the elderly, thereby increasing their willingness to explore [60]. This underscores the importance of “emotional incentives,” beyond just functionality, in the integration of public facilities. This non-functional design approach offers a new model for low-carbon communities to strike a balance between temperature regulation and efficiency.

In conclusion, the collaborative approach to the low-carbon design of public facilities must involve not only technical optimization but also the integration of community and social needs. By fostering synergy between low-carbon technologies, community needs, and social functions, public facilities can support both elderly mobility and sustainability goals. Future research should continue to explore the role of these facilities in driving community social dynamics and improving the quality of life for elderly populations, ensuring that low-carbon public facilities are adaptable, inclusive, and effective in meeting the diverse needs of aging communities.

The collaborative nature of public facility design in low-carbon communities should be further explored in future studies, with a focus on how these facilities can contribute to sustainable, age-friendly environments.

Table 4. Key Findings on the Characteristics of Public Facilities.

Reference	Key Findings	(+/−) Impact on Elderly Travel Opportunities (Positive/Negative)
[10]	Study on the multidimensional impacts of urban environments on elderly health and sustainable mobility	(+) Barrier-free facilities promote multimodal mobility (−) Lack of age-friendly design
[12]	Research on balancing energy efficiency and comfort in low-carbon building design strategies	(+) Optimizes thermal comfort (−) High-efficiency designs may affect the age-friendly experience
[13]	Research on the synergy between energy efficiency and health in sustainable building integration strategies	(+) Creation of low-carbon, healthy living environments (−) Insufficient technological adaptability
[25]	Study on the behavioral response mechanisms to low-carbon community interventions	(+) Promotes the transition to low-carbon travel behavior (−) Limits participation
[61]	Research on sustainable design of age-friendly public seating and its relationship with walking behavior	(+) Age-friendly facilities enhance walking comfort (−) Poor spatial layout impedes walking flow
[62]	Impact of low-carbon buildings, community policies, technologies, and evaluation methods on carbon reduction	(+) Improves living microenvironments (−) High construction costs
[64]	Research on the technical and economic benefits of solar lighting systems and their link to low-carbon mobility	(+) Low-carbon lighting supports sustainable mobility (−) Insufficient heat regulation limits usage
[65]	Study on the technical, economic, and environmental benefits of new street lighting systems
[66]	Impact of decision support models for walking infrastructure on transportation mode choices	(+) Improves walking infrastructure (−) Demand saturation reduces usage efficiency

summarizes the core findings from existing research, highlighting both the positive contributions of multifunctional public facilities and the challenges faced in their implementation, thus providing valuable insights for future collaborative optimization strategies.

3.4. Summary of Review Findings

This review explored various factors influencing the needs and experiences of elderly individuals within community walking environments. The following section summarizes the key findings and overall trends identified in Section 3.1, Section 3.2 and Section 3.3. Poor walking network connectivity negatively affects the convenience and satisfaction of elderly mobility [24]. Existing studies predominantly propose optimization strategies from the physical intervention perspective of the built environment, such as enhancing sidewalk quality. However, the dual challenges of global climate change and an aging society have steered the research focus towards a collaborative approach between low-carbon objectives and age-friendly design, involving dynamic spatial allocation and the integration of shared transport and walking spaces. In recent years, research has increasingly examined the potential application of low-carbon technologies (such as photovoltaic systems and intelligent path planning) within walking networks [61]. However, the variation in elderly individuals’ perceptions of low-carbon facilities and their subsequent impact on travel behavior still warrants deeper investigation. Future research should focus on how to adapt the implementation of low-carbon technologies to the specific needs of different regions, especially in communities where there are notable differences in elderly living habits and mobility.

In comparison to research on low-carbon technologies, existing literature on the health benefits and social activity impacts of community green spaces primarily focuses on systematic discussions of layout optimization and multifunctional integration [67]. Beyond physical environmental characteristics, factors such as elderly individuals’ physical abilities, climate adaptability, and community cultural practices also play a significant role in shaping their subjective perceptions of walking environments and their willingness to engage in low-carbon travel. However, a gap remains in the existing evidence regarding comprehensive research on the dynamic interaction between elderly well-being (including health promotion, social participation, and psychological sense of belonging) and low-carbon goals.

As mentioned earlier, technology acceptance can significantly limit the application of smart low-carbon facilities. Research shows that elderly individuals’ acceptance of emerging technologies (such as smart path navigation and shared transport apps) varies considerably, with technological complexity, privacy concerns, and lack of training being the primary barriers [40]. For instance, in low-density communities in Shanghai, elderly individuals tend to favor traditional walking paths over AI-optimized routes due to difficulties with smartphone usage [3], resulting in the underutilization of the emission reduction potential of low-carbon technologies. Importantly, technology acceptance is not solely determined by individual capabilities; community support and family assistance can significantly improve elderly individuals’ willingness to adopt low-carbon technologies.

In general, existing research on walking environments primarily concentrates on the optimization of physical spaces and the application of low-carbon technologies, while overlooking the interaction of multiple needs, such as technological adaptability, social inclusivity, and cultural identity. For instance, digital management interfaces often lack age-friendly design (e.g., small fonts, complex interactions), which reduces their acceptance among elderly individuals and, consequently, impacts both their functionality and widespread adoption. Additionally, high-cost low-carbon facilities (e.g., accessible ramps) tend to have low adoption rates in economically disadvantaged communities [65], further exacerbating inequity. Therefore, it is essential to establish a comprehensive evaluation framework that integrates these overlooked aspects and investigates their interactions, thereby improving the overall travel experience of elderly individuals and better aligning with low-carbon goals, instead of merely focusing on the improvement of isolated environmental elements. Although existing studies have sought to enhance walking environments through technological iteration or spatial interventions, the disregard for technological accessibility and elderly behavioral preferences limits the social benefits of these initiatives. Deepening empirical research into elderly individuals’ technological adaptability and social support systems is a critical step toward achieving the coordinated development of environmental resilience, healthy aging, and social equity.

Figure 4 presents a summary of the references related to the three key dimensions identified in the literature on low-carbon, age-friendly walking environments. It organizes the references by the core dimensions—walking networks, green space design, and public facilities—along with their associated perspectives. This table offers a clear overview of the frequency and focus of research on each dimension, highlighting the prominent topics within the literature. It underscores the distribution of research efforts across these dimensions and provides insight into how various perspectives, such as connectivity, low-carbon transport integration, and multifunctional green spaces, contribute to the development of sustainable, age-friendly urban environments.

3.5. Low-Carbon Terminology in Review Papers

The review revealed that papers focusing solely on “low-carbon” are relatively few, with terms such as “sustainable” and “green” being more commonly used instead. These terms are frequently encountered in the introduction and background sections of papers; however, there is a noticeable lack of substantial discussion on “low-carbon” within the core research content. To quantify this phenomenon, the study performed a terminology search in each paper that mentioned “low-carbon,” mapping the distribution of the term throughout the text. Among the papers analyzed, only 8 were closely related to walking networks, 4 to green space landscapes, and 4 to public facilities—all of which included the term “low-carbon.” This suggests a gap in integrating low-carbon principles with specific urban design elements, particularly in age-friendly environments. Figure 5 illustrates the locations of “low-carbon” in the reviewed papers.

In particular, papers related to walking network optimization often generalize low-carbon development as synonymous with enhanced connectivity or reduced transportation carbon emissions. This is evident from the frequent emphasis on the “low-carbon community” goal in the introduction of relevant studies. However, in the methodology, results, and conclusion sections, the term’s meaning is reduced to technical indicators, such as shortened walking distances or shared transportation substitution rates. The focus should shift toward understanding how low-carbon infrastructure directly supports elderly mobility needs, beyond merely efficiency metrics. Overall, only three papers have explored this concept in depth across multiple sections [25,30,62], investigating how community spatial design and low-carbon practices influence elderly individuals’ low-carbon travel behaviors. In these studies, the concept of low-carbon travel is addressed in two ways: (1) the authors explicitly link technical efficiency indicators (such as carbon intensity) with low-carbon travel, using these indicators as proxies for low-carbon travel; and (2) behavioral observations or demand surveys are used to directly assess the behavioral characteristics of low-carbon travel and identify the factors associated with community policies and technological adaptability.

Some studies investigate low-carbon travel more thoroughly. For instance, a study [30] on boundary density and walking accessibility applied low-carbon principles by quantifying the relationship between detour distance and carbon emissions using GPS trajectory data. The study found that while high-density boundary spaces shortened Euclidean distances, detours increased carbon emissions due to a lack of accessible facilities. Similarly, Li et al. [62] used proxy indicators like carbon reduction and energy conversion rates to examine the impact of low-carbon practices on elderly individuals’ restricted activity radius, though this framework overlooked the social inclusivity of elderly populations, which could bridge the gap between policies and actual behaviors.

Another approach directly investigates elderly individuals’ behaviors. A study by [25] explored how different low-carbon measures impacted elderly mobility and social interaction within communities. It compared technology-driven versus socially driven interventions, revealing that socially driven interventions were more successful in increasing public transportation usage among elderly residents in low-income communities. The study also suggested a shift from technology-driven interventions to those focused on social practices, a crucial step for fostering the transition to low-carbon behaviors.

While current research on “low-carbon” communities remains limited, it is evolving towards a more interdisciplinary, collaborative model. Future studies should expand the concept of “low-carbon” from a purely technological focus to incorporate broader social and cultural dimensions. By integrating elderly perceptions of low-carbon facilities and adopting composite evaluation metrics—such as carbon sink effectiveness, health benefits, and social inclusivity—researchers can contribute to the shift from emission-reduction tools to regenerative, community-based design.

4. Discussion

This review has explored the dynamic relationship between elderly individuals and their walking environments, highlighting the need for a collaborative approach to integrating low-carbon goals and age-friendly design. Research findings indicate that low-carbon and elderly-friendly walking environments can mutually reinforce each other, but the successful integration of these elements requires not just technical solutions, but coordinated urban planning and community governance efforts. Low-carbon designs not only reduce emissions but also improve accessibility and comfort for elderly individuals. The results confirm this dual benefit: while optimizing walking networks directly impacts elderly mobility and social engagement, integrating low-carbon strategies within these networks ensures that both sustainability and inclusivity are achieved. Therefore, future urban planning must balance the dual goals of sustainability and inclusivity, with an emphasis on collaboration between environmental and social objectives.

While current research has primarily focused on technical solutions, such as low-carbon infrastructure and green space designs, there is a clear need for a collaborative model that incorporates governance and social factors—ensuring that low-carbon designs meet the specific needs of elderly populations. Community-based initiatives aimed at enhancing walking environments should address both low-carbon emission reduction and elderly needs, fostering a dynamic and adaptive approach that takes into account individual capabilities, regional characteristics, and cultural contexts. This aligns with the results showing that while many studies have focused on physical environmental factors, fewer have examined the behavioral and social elements, which are crucial for effectively promoting low-carbon travel behaviors among elderly populations. This approach will be key in addressing the long-term sustainability of both low-carbon goals and elderly mobility.

By focusing on community-driven governance, this study emphasizes the importance of not only technical solutions but also the active participation of local stakeholders in shaping urban walking spaces. This collaborative approach is central to both the research question and methodology, ensuring that low-carbon strategies are effectively integrated with age-friendly design. The study’s goal of exploring this integration aligns with the research objectives by highlighting the critical role of collaborative governance in creating urban spaces that are both environmentally sustainable and supportive of elderly mobility. It underscores the need for multi-stakeholder engagement to address the diverse needs of elderly populations, ensuring that urban planning is both technically sound and socially inclusive.

4.1. Shifting from Technical to Collaborative Approaches

The transformation of walking environments to be both low-carbon and age-friendly requires a new approach that accounts for the individual and regional differences among elderly populations. A one-size-fits-all model that applies uniform low-carbon standards or technological solutions is insufficient. The review results show that integrating sustainable materials and energy-efficient technologies in walking networks can improve accessibility for elderly individuals, but future efforts must consider the heterogeneous mobility needs of the elderly, such as mobility impairments or visual limitations. Instead, dynamic, context-sensitive adjustments must be made, considering factors such as elderly individuals’ physical capabilities (e.g., mobility limitations, sensory decline), regional climate characteristics (e.g., shading needs, environmental adaptability), and community-specific cultural habits (e.g., walking preferences, social activity patterns) [51,61]. This approach ensures that the physiological and psychological needs of the elderly are central to the design process, allowing low-carbon initiatives to not only reduce carbon emissions but also significantly enhance the quality of life for elderly residents.

Additionally, low-carbon public facilities must be integrated with the environmental and functional needs of the elderly. The results indicate that public facilities designed with multifunctional features, such as healthcare services and transportation hubs, can improve elderly mobility while supporting low-carbon goals. These facilities should cater to the elderly’s social, recreational, and practical needs, fostering multifunctionality in green space design [47]. Balancing ecological functions (like carbon sequestration) with social functions (such as providing spaces for social interaction and recreation) is vital. By combining low-carbon technologies with age-friendly design [65], communities can foster a synergistic environment where both environmental and social benefits are enhanced. This approach requires long-term sustainability considerations, such as the use of low-carbon, durable materials that are resistant to aging and easy to maintain, ensuring that public facilities remain adaptable and beneficial for elderly populations.

In conclusion, communities aiming to create safe, comfortable, and health-conducive walking environments for the elderly should prioritize the integration of aesthetics, social inclusivity, and engagement alongside low-carbon features. The integration of green spaces and effective walking networks, as shown in the results, significantly enhances elderly mobility while also contributing to carbon reduction, highlighting the potential for urban spaces to meet both environmental and social objectives. The transition from focusing solely on carbon emissions reduction to a holistic, collaborative design focused on the well-being of elderly individuals reflects a significant shift towards regenerative design. This shift aligns with sustainability frameworks and sets the stage for a future where low-carbon and age-friendly design not only addresses environmental concerns but also enhances health, social participation, and quality of life for elderly populations.

4.2. Moving Toward Collaborative Governance in Urban Planning

A key takeaway from this review is the need for collaborative governance in the planning and implementation of low-carbon, age-friendly walking environments. The traditional top-down, technical focus of low-carbon design must shift toward an inclusive, bottom-up approach, where community members, urban planners, and policymakers collaborate to meet the needs of elderly populations. The results suggest that governance frameworks that incorporate community participation lead to more effective low-carbon designs, as local needs are directly addressed in planning processes. Community participation, urban policies, and social governance frameworks play an essential role in ensuring that both environmental and social goals are met.

Research shows that community governance is critical for the success of low-carbon initiatives [25], where the active involvement of local communities leads to more effective and sustainable urban planning solutions. Additionally, related reviews have discussed low-carbon buildings and communities [14,62,68], with a particular focus on policies, technologies, and evaluation methods aimed at achieving carbon neutrality, providing important insights that complement the collaborative approach explored in this study.

By collaborating with local communities, urban planners can create spaces that are not only functional but also resonate with the cultural and social needs of elderly individuals. The findings from the literature review highlight the importance of incorporating cultural landmarks and multifunctional spaces into walking networks to foster a sense of belonging and social engagement among elderly individuals. This collaborative synergy between design and community needs enhances the sense of belonging and social engagement, fostering more active participation in low-carbon travel behaviors. The role of local authorities working alongside community organizations to incorporate cultural landmarks, public art, and multifunctional spaces into walking networks can greatly contribute to an inclusive environment that improves the overall quality of life for elderly individuals.

Moreover, a key element of collaborative governance lies in its ability to balance the technical aspects of low-carbon design with the social needs of the elderly. This includes ensuring that walking networks are integrated with low-carbon public transportation [69], that shared spaces accommodate both the environmental and social needs of the elderly, and that public facilities are not only eco-friendly but also support the recreational, health, and social needs of elderly residents. For example, integrating transportation hubs, healthcare services, and recreational areas within walking networks improves connectivity [18], reduces travel distances, and enhances the overall walking experience for elderly individuals. Such an integrated approach reflects a collective effort where low-carbon strategies are not just a technological achievement but a shared community goal, ensuring that the benefits of sustainable urban planning extend to the well-being of elderly populations.

In conclusion, collaborative governance frameworks are not merely supplementary to low-carbon urban planning—they are essential to creating environments that enhance health, social participation, and mobility for elderly individuals. The inclusion of social and community governance aspects into low-carbon design processes will ensure that future urban planning efforts align with both environmental sustainability and the well-being of elderly populations.

4.3. Future Outlook: Expanding Collaborative Pathways

As the recognition of aging societies and low-carbon transitions continues to grow globally, research is shifting from focusing solely on emission reduction to exploring multidimensional, collaborative optimization pathways. Future research should prioritize the integration of low-carbon technologies, community governance, and elderly well-being, emphasizing the importance of collaborative frameworks that balance both environmental and social objectives. However, current research strategies remain technology-centric, often neglecting the dynamic role of walking environments in fostering elderly health and social inclusivity. To address this gap, future studies should examine how elderly individuals’ perceptions and behaviors influence the design, operation, and maintenance of low-carbon facilities. This research should not only address low-carbon goals but also promote elderly mobility, health, and social participation.

By integrating the physical environment, individual capabilities, and community dynamics, future research can contribute to the development of a comprehensive, low-carbon, and age-friendly collaborative framework. This framework will provide valuable insights for policy-making, urban planning, and spatial design, ensuring that both environmental sustainability and elderly well-being are prioritized in future low-carbon communities.

5. Conclusions

The growing need for the coordinated development of aging societies and low-carbon transitions underscores the essential role of optimizing community walking environments for both sustainability and inclusivity. This review highlights that the shift in research from emission reduction to health-oriented, age-friendly design is crucial, but a more integrated approach is required—one that considers the social and community-driven aspects of urban planning. Specifically, the interplay between environmental resilience and intergenerational inclusivity needs to be better understood to fully address the unique needs of elderly populations within low-carbon goals.

The study emphasizes that low-carbon and age-friendly walking environments must not only reduce emissions but also cater to the physical, psychological, and social needs of the elderly. A truly collaborative approach to urban planning should incorporate both technological solutions and social governance frameworks, ensuring that the low-carbon designs also promote inclusivity and enhance elderly mobility.

Future research must explore how community practices, governance models, and social urbanism can complement low-carbon design efforts. This approach will help bridge the gap between technical solutions and the lived experiences of elderly individuals. Placemaking strategies, tactical urbanism, and social urbanism can provide valuable insights for designing environments that not only address climate goals but also improve the quality of life for aging populations. Incorporating these social dimensions will ensure that both low-carbon objectives and the well-being of elderly residents are achieved in tandem, offering a more holistic and sustainable future for urban environments.