From Building Emissions to Resident Well-Being: The Role of Environmental Pollution Perception
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Framework and Research Hypotheses
2.1. Building Pollution Directly Affects the Well-Being of Residents
2.2. Mechanisms of the Impact of Perceived Building Environmental Pollution on Subjective Well-Being
3. Methods and Data
3.1. Methodology
3.2. Data Sources and Interpretation
3.2.1. Data Sources
3.2.2. Interpretation of Variables
- Dependent Variable
- 2.
- Independent Variable
- 3.
- Moderator Variable
- 4.
- Control Variable
4. Empirical Evidence and Discussion
4.1. Effect of Perceived Level of Building Environmental Pollution on Well-Being
4.1.1. Benchmark Regression
4.1.2. Endogeneity Test
4.1.3. Robustness Tests
4.1.4. Heterogeneity Test
4.2. Mechanism Testing
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
well-being | residents’ well-being |
Envir | perceived building environmental pollution |
Gender | personal characteristics include gender |
Work | Type of Work |
Children | The number of children |
Income | Annual income |
Age | Age |
Marriage | Marriage Status |
Insu | Social characteristics include social security participation status |
Edu | Education |
Nation | Ethnicity |
Famecon | Economic Status |
Famsize | Family Size |
Internet | Frequency of Internet use |
Interact | Frequency of Socialization |
Health | Health |
EFE | Local environmental protection financial expenditures |
Lifequli | whether the quality of life is affected by the environment |
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Variable | Mean | SD | Min | Max | N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
well-being | 4.010 | 0.800 | 1 | 5 | 1813 |
Envir | 3.020 | 1.120 | 1 | 5 | 1813 |
Gender | 0.510 | 0.500 | 0 | 1 | 1813 |
Work | 0.760 | 0.710 | 0 | 2 | 1813 |
Children | 1.590 | 1.130 | 0 | 7 | 1813 |
Income | 10.13 | 1.330 | 5.700 | 13.59 | 1813 |
Age | 52.48 | 16.56 | 18 | 94 | 1813 |
Marriage | 0.720 | 0.450 | 0 | 1 | 1813 |
Insu | 0.780 | 0.420 | 0 | 1 | 1813 |
Edu | 2.340 | 1.110 | 1 | 4 | 1813 |
Nation | 1.070 | 0.250 | 1 | 2 | 1813 |
Famecon | 2.610 | 0.800 | 1 | 5 | 1813 |
Famsize | 3.310 | 1.850 | 1 | 15 | 1813 |
Internet | 2.370 | 1.780 | 1 | 5 | 1813 |
Interact | 2.640 | 1.100 | 1 | 5 | 1813 |
Health | 3.540 | 1.050 | 1 | 5 | 1813 |
EFE | 203.7 | 70 | 47.71 | 351.6 | 1813 |
Lifequli | 0.170 | 0.380 | 0 | 1 | 1813 |
Well-Being | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model (1) | Model (2) | Model (3) | Model (4) | |
Envir | −0.061 ** | −0.064 ** | −0.063 ** | −0.055 ** |
(0.024) | (0.025) | (0.025) | (0.025) | |
Gender | −0.090 * | −0.089 | −0.101 * | |
(0.054) | (0.054) | (0.054) | ||
Age | 0.014 *** | 0.013 *** | 0.011 *** | |
(0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | ||
Health | 0.261 *** | 0.260 *** | 0.228 *** | |
(0.031) | (0.031) | (0.032) | ||
Nation | 0.099 | 0.124 | 0.131 | |
(0.131) | (0.129) | (0.134) | ||
Edu | 0.178 *** | 0.186 *** | 0.133 *** | |
(0.031) | (0.032) | (0.034) | ||
Marriage | 0.153 ** | 0.165 *** | 0.121 * | |
(0.060) | (0.061) | (0.063) | ||
Insu | −0.006 | −0.030 | ||
(0.068) | (0.069) | |||
Interact | 0.066 ** | 0.060 ** | ||
(0.026) | (0.026) | |||
Internet | 0.029 | 0.038 * | ||
(0.021) | (0.022) | |||
Famsize | 0.055 *** | |||
(0.016) | ||||
Famecon | 0.277 *** | |||
(0.041) | ||||
Province fixed | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 1813 | 1813 | 1813 | 1813 |
Methods | Types | Treated Value | Control Value | Difference | S.E | T-Stat |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
unmatched | Before | 3.955 | 4.072 | −0.117 | 0.038 | −3.12 *** |
neighbor matching | After | 3.955 | 4.039 | −0.084 | 0.051 | −1.65 * |
radius matching | After | 3.955 | 4.054 | −0.099 | 0.042 | −2.39 ** |
kernel matching | After | 3.955 | 4.055 | −0.100 | 0.042 | −2.40 ** |
Lifequli | Well-Being | Well-Being | |
---|---|---|---|
Model (5) | Model (6) | Model (7) | |
Envir | 0.153 *** | −0.096 ** | −0.035 ** |
(0.033) | (0.046) | (0.017) | |
Gender | 0.003 | −0.206 ** | −0.070 * |
(0.073) | (0.096) | (0.036) | |
Age | −0.010 *** | 0.019 *** | 0.007 *** |
(0.003) | (0.004) | (0.002) | |
Health | −0.111 *** | 0.417 *** | 0.151 *** |
(0.038) | (0.060) | (0.022) | |
Nation | 0.431 *** | 0.254 | 0.072 |
(0.158) | (0.247) | (0.088) | |
Edu | −0.076 | 0.210 *** | 0.087 *** |
(0.048) | (0.060) | (0.023) | |
Marriage | 0.044 | 0.195 * | 0.094 ** |
(0.087) | (0.114) | (0.043) | |
Insu | 0.093 | −0.042 | −0.020 |
(0.092) | (0.124) | (0.046) | |
Interact | 0.012 | 0.098 ** | 0.040 ** |
(0.034) | (0.047) | (0.017) | |
Internet | 0.021 | 0.072 * | 0.022 |
(0.027) | (0.038) | (0.014) | |
Famsize | 0.010 | 0.100 *** | 0.032 *** |
(0.021) | (0.028) | (0.010) | |
Famecon | −0.168 *** | 0.507 *** | 0.185 *** |
(0.051) | (0.074) | (0.028) | |
Cons | 2.549 *** | ||
(0.228) | |||
Province fixed | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 1813 | 1813 | 1813 |
adj. R2 | 0.134 |
Model (8) | Model (9) | Model (10) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rural | Urban | High | Low | East | Central | West | |
Envir | −0.104 *** | 0.025 | 0.014 | −0.111 *** | −0.022 | −0.101 ** | −0.051 |
(0.034) | (0.038) | (0.037) | (0.035) | (0.039) | (0.045) | (0.051) | |
Controls | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Province fixed | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Observations | 982 | 831 | 878 | 935 | 786 | 554 | 473 |
Model (11) | Model (12) | Model (13) | |
---|---|---|---|
Income | Children | Work | |
Envir | −0.531 *** | 0.034 | 0.023 |
(0.190) | (0.041) | (0.038) | |
Income | −0.168 *** | ||
(0.061) | |||
Envir*income | 0.047 ** | ||
(0.019) | |||
Children | 0.263 *** | ||
(0.069) | |||
Envir*child | −0.054 *** | ||
(0.021) | |||
Work | 0.272 ** | ||
(0.106) | |||
Envir*Work | −0.095 *** | ||
(0.033) | |||
Controls | YES | YES | YES |
Province fixed | YES | YES | YES |
N | 1813 | 1813 | 1813 |
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Wang, Y.; He, Y.; Zheng, C.; Rahnamayiezekavat, P. From Building Emissions to Resident Well-Being: The Role of Environmental Pollution Perception. Buildings 2025, 15, 3669. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203669
Wang Y, He Y, Zheng C, Rahnamayiezekavat P. From Building Emissions to Resident Well-Being: The Role of Environmental Pollution Perception. Buildings. 2025; 15(20):3669. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203669
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yuanping, Yu He, Caigui Zheng, and Payam Rahnamayiezekavat. 2025. "From Building Emissions to Resident Well-Being: The Role of Environmental Pollution Perception" Buildings 15, no. 20: 3669. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203669
APA StyleWang, Y., He, Y., Zheng, C., & Rahnamayiezekavat, P. (2025). From Building Emissions to Resident Well-Being: The Role of Environmental Pollution Perception. Buildings, 15(20), 3669. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203669