Prefabricated Envelope Green Remodeling Potential of Public Office Buildings in Korea
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Analysis of Public Office Buildings in Korea
2.1. Public Office Building Use
2.2. Target for Energy Savings
- Buildings that were approved for use more than 10 years ago.
- Buildings with a total floor area (TFA) of over 3000 m2.
- Buildings with one of the six building uses defined by the Building Act: Cultural and assembly facilities, transportation facilities, healthcare facilities, education and research facilities, training facilities, and office buildings.
3. Research Method
3.1. Investigation of Envelope Typologies
3.1.1. Sampling
3.1.2. Survey Method
- First, a preliminary survey was conducted with 30% of the sample to establish draft typologies.
- The remaining 70% underwent a primary survey to refine the typologies.
- Finally, the typologies for building and envelope characteristics were derived.
- [B1] Orientation: Direction of the building’s main entrance. This was confirmed through the road-view function of the map services.
- [B2] Plan shape: A generalized shape based on the outline of the building shown on the map.
- [B3] Aspect ratio: The horizontal and vertical lengths of the plan were measured using a distance measurement tool in the map service and the ratio was calculated. When the plan was not rectangular, the longest side was used as a reference.
- [E1] Elevation composition: The shape and arrangement of the openings on the elevation were classified as regular, symmetrical, or mixed.
- [E2] Opening shapes: General openings and curtain walls were distinguished based on their exterior appearance, and the most predominant shape of the facade was selected.
- [E3] Protrusion forms: Protruding shapes on exterior walls were investigated for design or shading purposes, and the most predominant form was selected.
- [E4] Window-to-wall ratio (WWR): The facade was examined through an image search or road view, and the WWR was assigned based on the ratio most similar to example images of various sizes.
- [E5] Envelope construction method: Classified based on whether the exterior finishing material is dry or wet. In the case of mixed construction, the material covering a larger area was selected as the criterion.
3.2. Building Energy Simulation
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Survey Results and Findings
4.2. Considerations for Envelope GR for a Public Office
4.3. GR Potential of Public Building Stock
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Region | Period | TFA | NAT 1 | LOC 2 | C&A 3 | Subtotal | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central | [P4] before 1981 | 3000–5000 m2 | 10 | 1.0% | 4 | 0.4% | 5 | 0.5% | 51 | 4.9% | 538 (51.3%) |
5000–10,000 m2 | 6 | 0.6% | 14 | 1.3% | 4 | 0.4% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 2 | 0.2% | 4 | 0.4% | 2 | 0.2% | |||||
[P3] 1981–1993 | 3000–5000 m2 | 38 | 3.6% | 12 | 1.1% | 22 | 2.1% | 196 | 18.7% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 34 | 3.2% | 29 | 2.8% | 12 | 1.1% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 26 | 2.5% | 15 | 1.4% | 8 | 0.8% | |||||
[P2] 1993–2002 | 3000–5000 m2 | 48 | 4.6% | 11 | 1.0% | 11 | 1.0% | 193 | 18.4% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 34 | 3.2% | 18 | 1.7% | 14 | 1.3% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 21 | 2.0% | 23 | 2.2% | 13 | 1.2% | |||||
[P1] 2002–2010 | 3000–5000 m2 | 18 | 1.7% | 5 | 0.5% | 3 | 0.3% | 98 | 9.3% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 29 | 2.8% | 5 | 0.5% | 7 | 0.7% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 18 | 1.7% | 8 | 0.8% | 5 | 0.5% | |||||
Southern | [P4] before 1981 | 3000–5000 m2 | 8 | 0.8% | 11 | 1.0% | 4 | 0.4% | 51 | 4.9% | 493 (47.0%) |
5000–10,000 m2 | 6 | 0.6% | 14 | 1.3% | 3 | 0.3% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 4 | 0.4% | 1 | 0.1% | |||||
[P3] 1981–1993 | 3000–5000 m2 | 26 | 2.5% | 11 | 1.0% | 18 | 1.7% | 139 | 13.3% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 23 | 2.2% | 32 | 3.1% | 5 | 0.5% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 4 | 0.4% | 16 | 1.5% | 4 | 0.4% | |||||
[P2] 1993–2002 | 3000–5000 m2 | 53 | 5.1% | 9 | 0.9% | 23 | 2.2% | 203 | 19.4% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 40 | 3.8% | 17 | 1.6% | 15 | 1.4% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 14 | 1.3% | 23 | 2.2% | 9 | 0.9% | |||||
[P1] 2002–2010 | 3000–5000 m2 | 27 | 2.6% | 3 | 0.3% | 6 | 0.6% | 100 | 9.5% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 28 | 2.7% | 1 | 0.1% | 4 | 0.4% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 16 | 1.5% | 11 | 1.0% | 4 | 0.4% | |||||
Jeju | [P4] before 1981 | 3000–5000 m2 | 1 | 0.1% | 2 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 6 | 0.6% | 18 (1.7%) |
5000–10,000 m2 | 1 | 0.1% | 2 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
[P3] 1981–1993 | 3000–5000 m2 | 1 | 0.1% | 1 | 0.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 0.2% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
[P2] 1993–2002 | 3000–5000 m2 | 2 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.1% | 8 | 0.8% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 1 | 0.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 2 | 0.2% | 2 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
[P1] 2002–2010 | 3000–5000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 0.2% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 1 | 0.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Region | Period | TFA | NAT 1 | LOC 2 | C&A 3 | Subtotal | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central | [P4] before 1981 | 3000–5000 m2 | 4 | 0.8% | 1 | 0.2% | 3 | 0.6% | 20 | 4.1% | 241 (49.8%) |
5000–10,000 m2 | 2 | 0.4% | 5 | 1.0% | 3 | 0.6% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 0.4% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
[P3] 1981–1993 | 3000–5000 m2 | 15 | 3.1% | 6 | 1.2% | 14 | 2.9% | 88 | 18.2% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 14 | 2.9% | 12 | 2.5% | 7 | 1.4% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 10 | 2.1% | 8 | 1.7% | 2 | 0.4% | |||||
[P2] 1993–2002 | 3000–5000 m2 | 21 | 4.3% | 5 | 1.0% | 6 | 1.2% | 88 | 18.2% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 18 | 3.7% | 5 | 1.0% | 8 | 1.7% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 8 | 1.7% | 11 | 2.3% | 6 | 1.2% | |||||
[P1] 2002–2010 | 3000–5000 m2 | 10 | 2.1% | 2 | 0.4% | 0 | 0.0% | 45 | 9.3% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 12 | 2.5% | 2 | 0.4% | 3 | 0.6% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 10 | 2.1% | 4 | 0.8% | 2 | 0.4% | |||||
Southern | [P4] before 1981 | 3000–5000 m2 | 3 | 0.6% | 5 | 1.0% | 3 | 0.6% | 23 | 4.8% | 239 (49.4%) |
5000–10,000 m2 | 2 | 0.4% | 7 | 1.4% | 1 | 0.2% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.2% | 1 | 0.2% | |||||
[P3] 1981–1993 | 3000–5000 m2 | 14 | 2.9% | 5 | 1.0% | 8 | 1.7% | 69 | 14.3% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 11 | 2.3% | 14 | 2.9% | 6 | 1.2% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 1 | 0.2% | 8 | 1.7% | 2 | 0.4% | |||||
[P2] 1993–2002 | 3000–5000 m2 | 27 | 5.6% | 3 | 0.6% | 9 | 1.9% | 98 | 20.2% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 19 | 3.9% | 9 | 1.9% | 7 | 1.4% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 6 | 1.2% | 13 | 2.7% | 5 | 1.0% | |||||
[P1] 2002–2010 | 3000–5000 m2 | 10 | 2.1% | 3 | 0.6% | 5 | 1.0% | 49 | 10.1% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 13 | 2.7% | 1 | 0.2% | 1 | 0.2% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 9 | 1.9% | 5 | 1.0% | 2 | 0.4% | |||||
Jeju | [P4] before 1981 | 3000–5000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.2% | 4 (0.8%) |
5000–10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
[P3] 1981–1993 | 3000–5000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.2% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
[P2] 1993–2002 | 3000–5000 m2 | 2 | 0.4% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 0.4% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
[P1] 2002–2010 | 3000–5000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
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Category | Examples |
---|---|
Community office | Community service center, community complex building, community health center |
National government office | Fire station, police station, tax office |
Local government office | City office, city council office, provincial government office |
Public corporation and agency office | Korea Electric Power Corporation, Korea Energy Agency |
Others | Hospital, laboratory, university |
Attribute | Data Type | |
---|---|---|
Building | Region | Categorical |
Building use | Categorical | |
TFA | Categorical | |
Organization name | Character | |
Building name | Character | |
Address | Character | |
Conditioned area | Numeric | |
Number of underground floors | Numeric | |
Number of ground floors | Numeric | |
Approval date for use | Date | |
Energy | EUIAvg. (kWh/m2) | Numeric |
EUIMedium (kWh/m2) | Numeric |
Region | Number of Observations (N) | TFA Group | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
3000–5000 m2 | 5000–10,000 m2 | above 10,000 m2 | ||
C | 739 | 343 (N = 290) | 372 (N = 268) | 375 (N = 181) |
S | 598 | 298 (N = 268) | 335 (N = 214) | 368 (N = 116) |
J | 23 | 255 (N = 13) | 295 (N = 6) | 205 (N = 4) |
Class | Periods | Region | Exterior Window | Exterior Wall | Roof | Floor |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L | Latest | C | 1.50 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.20 |
S | 1.80 | 0.32 | 0.18 | 0.25 | ||
P1 | 2002–2010 | C | 3.84 * | 0.47 | 0.29 | 0.41 |
S | 4.19 * | 0.58 | 0.35 | 0.47 | ||
P2 | 1993–2002 | C | 3.37 | 0.58 | 0.41 | 0.58 |
S | 3.61 ** | 0.76 *** | 0.52 | 0.76 | ||
P3 | 1981–1993 | C | 3.49 *** | 0.58 | 0.58 | 1.16 |
S | ||||||
P4 | Before 1981 | C | 6.6 *** | 2.09 | 1.05 | 1.74 |
S |
Category | Subcategory | Number of Observations | Ratio |
---|---|---|---|
NAT | Police station | 80 | 16.5% |
Post office | 60 | 12.4% | |
Fire station | 33 | 6.8% | |
Tax office | 27 | 5.6% | |
District education office | 20 | 4.1% | |
Labor office | 11 | 2.3% | |
Prosecutor’s office | 6 | 1.2% | |
Military manpower administration | 2 | 0.4% | |
Meteorological office | 1 | 0.2% | |
Government complex | 1 | 0.2% | |
LOC | City office | 41 | 8.5% |
District office | 41 | 8.5% | |
County office | 26 | 5.4% | |
City council office | 23 | 4.8% | |
Provincial government office | 8 | 1.7% | |
C&A | Public corporation | 73 | 15.1% |
Agency office | 31 | 6.4% | |
Total | 484 | 100% |
Rectangle | L | C | T | Courtyard | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diagram | |||||
Ratio | 73.8% | 13.4% | 3.1% | 4.8% | 0.4% |
E1 | E2 | E3 | E4 | E5 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diagram | Stone, Panel | |||||
Type | Regular | Punched window | Flat/Curved | S-shape | less than 30% | Dry |
N | 139 | 195 | 152/84 | 25 | 81 | 337 |
Ratio | 28.7% | 40.3% | 31.4%/17.4% | 5.2% | 16.7% | 69.6% |
Diagram | Tile, paint | |||||
Type | Horizontal symmetry | Vertical window | R-shape | F-shape | 30–50% | Wet |
N | 227 | 26 | 44 | 62 | 285 | 147 |
Ratio | 46.9% | 5.4% | 9.1% | 12.8% | 58.9% | 30.4% |
Diagram | ||||||
Type | Vertical symmetry | Linear window | C-shape | G-shape | 50–70% | |
N | 16 | 117 | 77 | 6 | 78 | |
Ratio | 3.3% | 24.2% | 15.9% | 1.2% | 16.1% | |
Diagram | ||||||
Type | Compositive | Curtain wall | I-shape | B-shape | 70–90% | |
N | 102 | 146 | 21 | 13 | 40 | |
Ratio | 21.1% | 30.2% | 4.3% | 2.7% | 8.3% |
Building Use (Operation Hours) | TFA | Building Height | Envelope Characteristics | Representative Envelope Example | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E1 | E2 | E3 | E4 | E5 | ||||
NAT (8 h) | 3000– 5000 | Low | Horizontal symmetry | Punched window | C-shape | 30–50% | Dry | |
LOC (8 h) | 5000– 10,000 | Low | Horizontal symmetry | Linear window | C-shape | 30–50% | Dry | |
C&A (8 h) | 3000– 5000 | Low | Horizontal symmetry | Curtain wall | C-shape | 50–70% | Dry | |
POLICE (12 h) | 5000– 10,000 | Low | Regular | Punched window | F- and C-shape | 30–50% | Dry | |
POST (12 h) | 5000– 10,000 | Low | Horizontal symmetry | Curtain wall | R-shape | 50–70% | Dry | |
FIRE (12 h) | 3000– 5000 | Low | Regular | Punched window | - | 30–50% | Dry |
Building Use | Type | Total | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flat | Curved | R-Shape | C-Shape | I-Shape | S-Shape | F-Shape | G-Shape | B-Shape | ||
NAT | 18 | 15 | 7 | 13 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 68 |
LOC | 32 | 20 | 11 | 29 | 12 | 6 | 17 | 4 | 8 | 139 |
C&A | 47 | 20 | 8 | 12 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 104 |
POLICE | 25 | 7 | 5 | 13 | 2 | 2 | 25 | 1 | 0 | 80 |
POST | 11 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 60 |
FIRE | 19 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 33 |
Total | 152 | 84 | 44 | 77 | 21 | 25 | 62 | 6 | 13 | 484 |
NAT | POLICE | |
---|---|---|
Operation hours | 8 | 24 |
Aspect ratio | 2.6 | 2.6 |
TFA | 4160 m2 | 8477.4 m2 |
Number of floors | 4 | 4 |
Floor to floor height | 4 m | 4 m |
WWR | 36.7% | 38.8% |
Class | NAT | POLICE | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central | Southern | Central | Southern | |||||
Heating | Cooling | Heating | Cooling | Heating | Cooling | Heating | Cooling | |
L | 62.0% | 38.0% | 54.7% | 45.3% | 45.6% | 54.4% | 38.3% | 61.7% |
P1 | 68.8% | 31.2% | 61.6% | 38.4% | 52.8% | 47.2% | 45.3% | 54.7% |
P2 | 70.9% | 29.1% | 65.1% | 34.9% | 54.8% | 45.2% | 48.6% | 51.4% |
P3 | 74.8% | 25.2% | 66.7% | 33.3% | 59.4% | 40.6% | 50.0% | 50.0% |
P4 | 83.5% | 16.5% | 77.0% | 23.0% | 72.7% | 27.3% | 64.4% | 35.6% |
Average | 72.0% | 28.0% | 65.0% | 35.0% | 57.0% | 43.0% | 49.3% | 50.7% |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Oh, J.H.; Kim, S.S. Prefabricated Envelope Green Remodeling Potential of Public Office Buildings in Korea. Buildings 2024, 14, 2182. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072182
Oh JH, Kim SS. Prefabricated Envelope Green Remodeling Potential of Public Office Buildings in Korea. Buildings. 2024; 14(7):2182. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072182
Chicago/Turabian StyleOh, Ji Hyun, and Sun Sook Kim. 2024. "Prefabricated Envelope Green Remodeling Potential of Public Office Buildings in Korea" Buildings 14, no. 7: 2182. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072182
APA StyleOh, J. H., & Kim, S. S. (2024). Prefabricated Envelope Green Remodeling Potential of Public Office Buildings in Korea. Buildings, 14(7), 2182. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072182