Prefabricated Envelope Green Remodeling Potential of Public Office Buildings in Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Analysis of Public Office Buildings in Korea
2.1. Public Office Building Use
2.2. Target for Energy Savings
- Buildings that were approved for use more than 10 years ago.
- Buildings with a total floor area (TFA) of over 3000 m2.
- Buildings with one of the six building uses defined by the Building Act: Cultural and assembly facilities, transportation facilities, healthcare facilities, education and research facilities, training facilities, and office buildings.
3. Research Method
3.1. Investigation of Envelope Typologies
3.1.1. Sampling
3.1.2. Survey Method
- First, a preliminary survey was conducted with 30% of the sample to establish draft typologies.
- The remaining 70% underwent a primary survey to refine the typologies.
- Finally, the typologies for building and envelope characteristics were derived.
- [B1] Orientation: Direction of the building’s main entrance. This was confirmed through the road-view function of the map services.
- [B2] Plan shape: A generalized shape based on the outline of the building shown on the map.
- [B3] Aspect ratio: The horizontal and vertical lengths of the plan were measured using a distance measurement tool in the map service and the ratio was calculated. When the plan was not rectangular, the longest side was used as a reference.
- [E1] Elevation composition: The shape and arrangement of the openings on the elevation were classified as regular, symmetrical, or mixed.
- [E2] Opening shapes: General openings and curtain walls were distinguished based on their exterior appearance, and the most predominant shape of the facade was selected.
- [E3] Protrusion forms: Protruding shapes on exterior walls were investigated for design or shading purposes, and the most predominant form was selected.
- [E4] Window-to-wall ratio (WWR): The facade was examined through an image search or road view, and the WWR was assigned based on the ratio most similar to example images of various sizes.
- [E5] Envelope construction method: Classified based on whether the exterior finishing material is dry or wet. In the case of mixed construction, the material covering a larger area was selected as the criterion.
3.2. Building Energy Simulation
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Survey Results and Findings
4.2. Considerations for Envelope GR for a Public Office
4.3. GR Potential of Public Building Stock
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Region | Period | TFA | NAT 1 | LOC 2 | C&A 3 | Subtotal | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central | [P4] before 1981 | 3000–5000 m2 | 10 | 1.0% | 4 | 0.4% | 5 | 0.5% | 51 | 4.9% | 538 (51.3%) |
5000–10,000 m2 | 6 | 0.6% | 14 | 1.3% | 4 | 0.4% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 2 | 0.2% | 4 | 0.4% | 2 | 0.2% | |||||
[P3] 1981–1993 | 3000–5000 m2 | 38 | 3.6% | 12 | 1.1% | 22 | 2.1% | 196 | 18.7% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 34 | 3.2% | 29 | 2.8% | 12 | 1.1% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 26 | 2.5% | 15 | 1.4% | 8 | 0.8% | |||||
[P2] 1993–2002 | 3000–5000 m2 | 48 | 4.6% | 11 | 1.0% | 11 | 1.0% | 193 | 18.4% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 34 | 3.2% | 18 | 1.7% | 14 | 1.3% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 21 | 2.0% | 23 | 2.2% | 13 | 1.2% | |||||
[P1] 2002–2010 | 3000–5000 m2 | 18 | 1.7% | 5 | 0.5% | 3 | 0.3% | 98 | 9.3% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 29 | 2.8% | 5 | 0.5% | 7 | 0.7% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 18 | 1.7% | 8 | 0.8% | 5 | 0.5% | |||||
Southern | [P4] before 1981 | 3000–5000 m2 | 8 | 0.8% | 11 | 1.0% | 4 | 0.4% | 51 | 4.9% | 493 (47.0%) |
5000–10,000 m2 | 6 | 0.6% | 14 | 1.3% | 3 | 0.3% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 4 | 0.4% | 1 | 0.1% | |||||
[P3] 1981–1993 | 3000–5000 m2 | 26 | 2.5% | 11 | 1.0% | 18 | 1.7% | 139 | 13.3% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 23 | 2.2% | 32 | 3.1% | 5 | 0.5% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 4 | 0.4% | 16 | 1.5% | 4 | 0.4% | |||||
[P2] 1993–2002 | 3000–5000 m2 | 53 | 5.1% | 9 | 0.9% | 23 | 2.2% | 203 | 19.4% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 40 | 3.8% | 17 | 1.6% | 15 | 1.4% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 14 | 1.3% | 23 | 2.2% | 9 | 0.9% | |||||
[P1] 2002–2010 | 3000–5000 m2 | 27 | 2.6% | 3 | 0.3% | 6 | 0.6% | 100 | 9.5% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 28 | 2.7% | 1 | 0.1% | 4 | 0.4% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 16 | 1.5% | 11 | 1.0% | 4 | 0.4% | |||||
Jeju | [P4] before 1981 | 3000–5000 m2 | 1 | 0.1% | 2 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 6 | 0.6% | 18 (1.7%) |
5000–10,000 m2 | 1 | 0.1% | 2 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
[P3] 1981–1993 | 3000–5000 m2 | 1 | 0.1% | 1 | 0.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 0.2% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
[P2] 1993–2002 | 3000–5000 m2 | 2 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.1% | 8 | 0.8% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 1 | 0.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 2 | 0.2% | 2 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
[P1] 2002–2010 | 3000–5000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 0.2% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 1 | 0.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Region | Period | TFA | NAT 1 | LOC 2 | C&A 3 | Subtotal | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central | [P4] before 1981 | 3000–5000 m2 | 4 | 0.8% | 1 | 0.2% | 3 | 0.6% | 20 | 4.1% | 241 (49.8%) |
5000–10,000 m2 | 2 | 0.4% | 5 | 1.0% | 3 | 0.6% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 0.4% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
[P3] 1981–1993 | 3000–5000 m2 | 15 | 3.1% | 6 | 1.2% | 14 | 2.9% | 88 | 18.2% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 14 | 2.9% | 12 | 2.5% | 7 | 1.4% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 10 | 2.1% | 8 | 1.7% | 2 | 0.4% | |||||
[P2] 1993–2002 | 3000–5000 m2 | 21 | 4.3% | 5 | 1.0% | 6 | 1.2% | 88 | 18.2% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 18 | 3.7% | 5 | 1.0% | 8 | 1.7% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 8 | 1.7% | 11 | 2.3% | 6 | 1.2% | |||||
[P1] 2002–2010 | 3000–5000 m2 | 10 | 2.1% | 2 | 0.4% | 0 | 0.0% | 45 | 9.3% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 12 | 2.5% | 2 | 0.4% | 3 | 0.6% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 10 | 2.1% | 4 | 0.8% | 2 | 0.4% | |||||
Southern | [P4] before 1981 | 3000–5000 m2 | 3 | 0.6% | 5 | 1.0% | 3 | 0.6% | 23 | 4.8% | 239 (49.4%) |
5000–10,000 m2 | 2 | 0.4% | 7 | 1.4% | 1 | 0.2% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.2% | 1 | 0.2% | |||||
[P3] 1981–1993 | 3000–5000 m2 | 14 | 2.9% | 5 | 1.0% | 8 | 1.7% | 69 | 14.3% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 11 | 2.3% | 14 | 2.9% | 6 | 1.2% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 1 | 0.2% | 8 | 1.7% | 2 | 0.4% | |||||
[P2] 1993–2002 | 3000–5000 m2 | 27 | 5.6% | 3 | 0.6% | 9 | 1.9% | 98 | 20.2% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 19 | 3.9% | 9 | 1.9% | 7 | 1.4% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 6 | 1.2% | 13 | 2.7% | 5 | 1.0% | |||||
[P1] 2002–2010 | 3000–5000 m2 | 10 | 2.1% | 3 | 0.6% | 5 | 1.0% | 49 | 10.1% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 13 | 2.7% | 1 | 0.2% | 1 | 0.2% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 9 | 1.9% | 5 | 1.0% | 2 | 0.4% | |||||
Jeju | [P4] before 1981 | 3000–5000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.2% | 4 (0.8%) |
5000–10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
[P3] 1981–1993 | 3000–5000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.2% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
[P2] 1993–2002 | 3000–5000 m2 | 2 | 0.4% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 0.4% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
[P1] 2002–2010 | 3000–5000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | ||
5000–10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
above 10,000 m2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
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Category | Examples |
---|---|
Community office | Community service center, community complex building, community health center |
National government office | Fire station, police station, tax office |
Local government office | City office, city council office, provincial government office |
Public corporation and agency office | Korea Electric Power Corporation, Korea Energy Agency |
Others | Hospital, laboratory, university |
Attribute | Data Type | |
---|---|---|
Building | Region | Categorical |
Building use | Categorical | |
TFA | Categorical | |
Organization name | Character | |
Building name | Character | |
Address | Character | |
Conditioned area | Numeric | |
Number of underground floors | Numeric | |
Number of ground floors | Numeric | |
Approval date for use | Date | |
Energy | EUIAvg. (kWh/m2) | Numeric |
EUIMedium (kWh/m2) | Numeric |
Region | Number of Observations (N) | TFA Group | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
3000–5000 m2 | 5000–10,000 m2 | above 10,000 m2 | ||
C | 739 | 343 (N = 290) | 372 (N = 268) | 375 (N = 181) |
S | 598 | 298 (N = 268) | 335 (N = 214) | 368 (N = 116) |
J | 23 | 255 (N = 13) | 295 (N = 6) | 205 (N = 4) |
Class | Periods | Region | Exterior Window | Exterior Wall | Roof | Floor |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L | Latest | C | 1.50 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.20 |
S | 1.80 | 0.32 | 0.18 | 0.25 | ||
P1 | 2002–2010 | C | 3.84 * | 0.47 | 0.29 | 0.41 |
S | 4.19 * | 0.58 | 0.35 | 0.47 | ||
P2 | 1993–2002 | C | 3.37 | 0.58 | 0.41 | 0.58 |
S | 3.61 ** | 0.76 *** | 0.52 | 0.76 | ||
P3 | 1981–1993 | C | 3.49 *** | 0.58 | 0.58 | 1.16 |
S | ||||||
P4 | Before 1981 | C | 6.6 *** | 2.09 | 1.05 | 1.74 |
S |
Category | Subcategory | Number of Observations | Ratio |
---|---|---|---|
NAT | Police station | 80 | 16.5% |
Post office | 60 | 12.4% | |
Fire station | 33 | 6.8% | |
Tax office | 27 | 5.6% | |
District education office | 20 | 4.1% | |
Labor office | 11 | 2.3% | |
Prosecutor’s office | 6 | 1.2% | |
Military manpower administration | 2 | 0.4% | |
Meteorological office | 1 | 0.2% | |
Government complex | 1 | 0.2% | |
LOC | City office | 41 | 8.5% |
District office | 41 | 8.5% | |
County office | 26 | 5.4% | |
City council office | 23 | 4.8% | |
Provincial government office | 8 | 1.7% | |
C&A | Public corporation | 73 | 15.1% |
Agency office | 31 | 6.4% | |
Total | 484 | 100% |
Rectangle | L | C | T | Courtyard | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diagram | |||||
Ratio | 73.8% | 13.4% | 3.1% | 4.8% | 0.4% |
E1 | E2 | E3 | E4 | E5 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diagram | Stone, Panel | |||||
Type | Regular | Punched window | Flat/Curved | S-shape | less than 30% | Dry |
N | 139 | 195 | 152/84 | 25 | 81 | 337 |
Ratio | 28.7% | 40.3% | 31.4%/17.4% | 5.2% | 16.7% | 69.6% |
Diagram | Tile, paint | |||||
Type | Horizontal symmetry | Vertical window | R-shape | F-shape | 30–50% | Wet |
N | 227 | 26 | 44 | 62 | 285 | 147 |
Ratio | 46.9% | 5.4% | 9.1% | 12.8% | 58.9% | 30.4% |
Diagram | ||||||
Type | Vertical symmetry | Linear window | C-shape | G-shape | 50–70% | |
N | 16 | 117 | 77 | 6 | 78 | |
Ratio | 3.3% | 24.2% | 15.9% | 1.2% | 16.1% | |
Diagram | ||||||
Type | Compositive | Curtain wall | I-shape | B-shape | 70–90% | |
N | 102 | 146 | 21 | 13 | 40 | |
Ratio | 21.1% | 30.2% | 4.3% | 2.7% | 8.3% |
Building Use (Operation Hours) | TFA | Building Height | Envelope Characteristics | Representative Envelope Example | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E1 | E2 | E3 | E4 | E5 | ||||
NAT (8 h) | 3000– 5000 | Low | Horizontal symmetry | Punched window | C-shape | 30–50% | Dry | |
LOC (8 h) | 5000– 10,000 | Low | Horizontal symmetry | Linear window | C-shape | 30–50% | Dry | |
C&A (8 h) | 3000– 5000 | Low | Horizontal symmetry | Curtain wall | C-shape | 50–70% | Dry | |
POLICE (12 h) | 5000– 10,000 | Low | Regular | Punched window | F- and C-shape | 30–50% | Dry | |
POST (12 h) | 5000– 10,000 | Low | Horizontal symmetry | Curtain wall | R-shape | 50–70% | Dry | |
FIRE (12 h) | 3000– 5000 | Low | Regular | Punched window | - | 30–50% | Dry |
Building Use | Type | Total | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flat | Curved | R-Shape | C-Shape | I-Shape | S-Shape | F-Shape | G-Shape | B-Shape | ||
NAT | 18 | 15 | 7 | 13 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 68 |
LOC | 32 | 20 | 11 | 29 | 12 | 6 | 17 | 4 | 8 | 139 |
C&A | 47 | 20 | 8 | 12 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 104 |
POLICE | 25 | 7 | 5 | 13 | 2 | 2 | 25 | 1 | 0 | 80 |
POST | 11 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 60 |
FIRE | 19 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 33 |
Total | 152 | 84 | 44 | 77 | 21 | 25 | 62 | 6 | 13 | 484 |
NAT | POLICE | |
---|---|---|
Operation hours | 8 | 24 |
Aspect ratio | 2.6 | 2.6 |
TFA | 4160 m2 | 8477.4 m2 |
Number of floors | 4 | 4 |
Floor to floor height | 4 m | 4 m |
WWR | 36.7% | 38.8% |
Class | NAT | POLICE | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central | Southern | Central | Southern | |||||
Heating | Cooling | Heating | Cooling | Heating | Cooling | Heating | Cooling | |
L | 62.0% | 38.0% | 54.7% | 45.3% | 45.6% | 54.4% | 38.3% | 61.7% |
P1 | 68.8% | 31.2% | 61.6% | 38.4% | 52.8% | 47.2% | 45.3% | 54.7% |
P2 | 70.9% | 29.1% | 65.1% | 34.9% | 54.8% | 45.2% | 48.6% | 51.4% |
P3 | 74.8% | 25.2% | 66.7% | 33.3% | 59.4% | 40.6% | 50.0% | 50.0% |
P4 | 83.5% | 16.5% | 77.0% | 23.0% | 72.7% | 27.3% | 64.4% | 35.6% |
Average | 72.0% | 28.0% | 65.0% | 35.0% | 57.0% | 43.0% | 49.3% | 50.7% |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Oh, J.H.; Kim, S.S. Prefabricated Envelope Green Remodeling Potential of Public Office Buildings in Korea. Buildings 2024, 14, 2182. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072182
Oh JH, Kim SS. Prefabricated Envelope Green Remodeling Potential of Public Office Buildings in Korea. Buildings. 2024; 14(7):2182. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072182
Chicago/Turabian StyleOh, Ji Hyun, and Sun Sook Kim. 2024. "Prefabricated Envelope Green Remodeling Potential of Public Office Buildings in Korea" Buildings 14, no. 7: 2182. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072182