Characteristics of Internal Water Flow Conduction within Asphalt Mixtures Based on Real Three-Dimensional Void Structure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials and Gradation
2.1.1. Aggregates
2.1.2. Asphalt
2.1.3. Gradation
2.2. Specimen Preparation
2.3. Asphalt Mixture Specimen Parameters
2.4. CT Scan and 3D Reconstruction
3. Modeling Methodology
3.1. Basic Principle of LBM
3.2. Boundary Conditions
3.3. Simulation of Moisture Conduction in the Mixture
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Water Distribution Position Analysis
- (1)
- Figure 3a shows that the internal water conduction channel of the Marshall compacted specimen is mostly distributed in the middle of the specimen, with no water retention at the higher and lower ends. This is due to the fact that the Marshall compacted specimen’s massive voids are primarily dispersed in the center of the specimen, indicating that the water is primarily trapped inside the Marshall specimen and is difficult to release. For a lengthy period of time, the water retained inside the mixture is submerged in the asphalt mixture, causing the asphalt to peel away from the aggregate surface, decreasing the asphalt mixture’s bonding strength, and damaging the pavement’s longevity.
- (2)
- Figure 3b,c show that for the water conduction simulation of the field core specimen and the SGC specimen, the water is mostly distributed towards the top end of the specimen, with reduced water retention in the center of the specimen. The fundamental explanation for this is because the effective porosity in the middle area of these two specimens is small, while the proportion of effective porosity at the upper end of the specimen is substantial. It demonstrates that the majority of the water just remains in the gap on the surface of the specimen and does not create retention within the specimen. Moisture on the surface of asphalt pavement evaporates quickly into the air, causing little water damage to the asphalt mixture. It demonstrates that the moisture in the specimen’s internal void conduction path from the SGC method is very close to the actual pavement rolling molding method, confirming that the SGC method can not only ensure a reasonable void ratio but also prevent rainwater from entering the asphalt mixture specimen.
4.2. Analysis of Flow Variation in Different Sections
4.3. Analysis of Flow Rate Variation in Different Sections
5. Conclusions
- The Marshall compacted specimen has a large and high effective void ratio. Moisture easily enters the specimen via the surface gaps. The SGC specimen’s effective gap is small, and the percentage is low. The internal water conduction channel is mostly concentrated in the top half of the specimen, and water cannot easily enter the specimen through the upper gap. The water conduction channel is mostly focused on the top end of the specimen; the intermediate position is less concentrated, the distribution is sparse, and the water is primarily concentrated in the upper surface layer of the specimen.
- It has been thoroughly shown that the SGC method is quite close to the real road rolling molding process, both in terms of flow and flow velocity. The SGC method not only ensures adequate porosity but also keeps rainfall out of the asphalt mixture specimen. Specifically, since SGC may greatly improve the voids in asphalt mixtures, the void values of each part of the SGC specimen are decreased to varied degrees when compared to the Marshall compaction specimen. The asphalt mixture specimen created by SGC will be staggered throughout the compaction process owing to rotation, resulting in a more equal distribution of aggregates, more reasonable voids, and a more stable structure. As a result, the SGC specimen outperforms the Marshall compaction specimen and pavement in terms of road performance.
- This study provides a new perspective when comparing the internal water conduction behavior of asphalt mixture specimens with different molding methods, analyzing the water retention characteristics in the voids, and clarifying the meso-seepage characteristics of asphalt mixtures under void morphological characteristics. It provides a theoretical basis for the investigation of asphalt mixtures’ water damage resistance and medium transmission properties. More research will be performed in the future to investigate the interior permeability behavior of asphalt mixture specimens.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aggregate Index | Unit | Criteria | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Crush value | % | ≯24 | 5.8 |
Los Angeles wear value | % | ≯30 | 10.0 |
Apparent specific gravity | g/cm3 | ≮2.60 | 3.018 |
Water absorption | % | ≯2.2 | 0.58 |
Adhesiveness | ≮5 | 5 | |
Soundness | % | ≯12 | 2.2 |
Flat elongated particles content | % | ≯15 | 3.5 |
Polishing value | % | ≮42 | 43.8 |
Asphalt Index | Unit | Criteria | Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Penetration @ 25 °C, 100 g, 5 s | 0.1 mm | 40–55 | 48 | |
Softening point | °C | ≥75 | 79 | |
Ductility @ 5 °C, 5 cm/min | cm | >20 | 32 | |
Solubility | % | ≥99.5 | 99.8 | |
Flash point | °C | ≥230 | 336 | |
Elasticity recovery | % | ≥85 | 94 | |
After Rolling thin film oven (RTFO) test | Mass difference | % | ±0.8 | −0.001 |
Penetration difference @ 25 °C | % | ≥65 | 71 | |
Ductility @ 5 °C, | cm | ≥15 | 16 |
Project | Passing Percentage (%) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16 | 13.2 | 9.5 | 4.75 | 2.36 | 1.18 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.075 | |
Lower limit | 100 | 90 | 50 | 20 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 8 |
Upper limit | 100 | 100 | 75 | 34 | 26 | 24 | 20 | 16 | 15 | 12 |
Gradation | 100 | 98 | 63 | 30.1 | 20.3 | 16.7 | 14.5 | 11.9 | 10.7 | 10.1 |
Specimens | Bulk Density (g/cm3) | Porosity (%) | Stability (KN) |
---|---|---|---|
Marshall compaction specimen | 2.539 | 4.5 | 10.52 |
Superpave Gyratory Compactor specimen | 2.545 | 4.2 | 10.60 |
Field core | 2.555 | 3.9 | 10.86 |
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Wan, C.; Yi, Q.; Zhang, X. Characteristics of Internal Water Flow Conduction within Asphalt Mixtures Based on Real Three-Dimensional Void Structure. Buildings 2023, 13, 1746. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071746
Wan C, Yi Q, Zhang X. Characteristics of Internal Water Flow Conduction within Asphalt Mixtures Based on Real Three-Dimensional Void Structure. Buildings. 2023; 13(7):1746. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071746
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan, Cheng, Qiang Yi, and Xiaoning Zhang. 2023. "Characteristics of Internal Water Flow Conduction within Asphalt Mixtures Based on Real Three-Dimensional Void Structure" Buildings 13, no. 7: 1746. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071746
APA StyleWan, C., Yi, Q., & Zhang, X. (2023). Characteristics of Internal Water Flow Conduction within Asphalt Mixtures Based on Real Three-Dimensional Void Structure. Buildings, 13(7), 1746. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071746