Identifying Emerging Technologies and Skills Required for Construction 4.0
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Questions
2.2. Literature Research Process
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Search 1—Construction 4.0 Technologies (Question Q1)
3.2. Search 2—Construction 4.0 Skills and Competencies (Question Q2)
4. Synthesis
- Artificial intelligence (AI) encompasses a set of technologies, such as machine learning and deep learning, which constitute learning systems that use data for analysis and decision-making. Good data storage, mining, and sharing practices require the simultaneous use of cloud computers, blockchain, and cybersecurity systems. This group was called “AI-assisted technologies”.
- The construction industry utilizes a range of technologies for automation, such as robotics for industrial construction, drones that operate with minimal human intervention, and advanced manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing that can function independently in both the site and off-site construction. These technologies were classified as “advanced manufacturing”.
- BIM as the process used in the planning, management, and operation of buildings can be associated with visualization technologies such as virtual reality and improving and expanding the level of digital models towards digital twins and cyber-physical systems—CPS. These technologies were classified as “digital simulation and visualization”.
- Wearable and portable technologies, embedded tools, and portable equipment connected through IoT form a group called “smart tools”. This category is limited to portable technology or can only be attached to workers’ equipment and clothing.
- Various technologies used for data acquisition, including laser scanners, radio frequency scanners, and location and geographic information systems, are grouped as “data acquisition and detection” technologies. These technologies are mainly utilized in specific construction sites or integrated into autonomous or non-autonomous vehicles, such as drones, to optimize monitoring or data acquisition.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Emergent Technologies Terms | References | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[6] | [7] | [10] | [11] | [12] | [13] | [14] | [15] | [16] | [17] | [18] | ||
1 | Augmented reality (AR) | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
2 | BIM | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
3 | 3D printing | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
4 | Virtual reality (VR) | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
5 | Big data | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
6 | Robotics | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
7 | RFID | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
8 | IoT | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
9 | Cloud computing | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
10 | Artificial intelligence (AI) | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
11 | Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs/UASs) | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||
12 | Mobile computer/device | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||
13 | Cyber-physical system (CPS) | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||
14 | Blockchain | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||
15 | Sensor | X | X | X | X | |||||||
16 | Simulation model | X | X | X | X | |||||||
17 | Machine learning (ML) | X | X | X | ||||||||
18 | Cybersecurity | X | X | X | ||||||||
19 | GIS | X | X | X | ||||||||
20 | Drones | X | X | |||||||||
21 | Prefabrication/modularization | X | X | X | ||||||||
22 | Wearable technology | X | ||||||||||
23 | Digital signature | X | X | |||||||||
24 | Automation | X | X | |||||||||
25 | Active bridge monitoring | X | ||||||||||
26 | Advanced submersible | X | ||||||||||
27 | Neural network (NN) | X | X | |||||||||
28 | Deep learning (DL) | X | X | |||||||||
29 | Digital twin | X | X | |||||||||
30 | Laser scanning | X | ||||||||||
31 | 5G | X | X | |||||||||
32 | Social media | X | X | |||||||||
33 | Scanning and photogrammetry | X | X | |||||||||
34 | Human–computer interaction (HCI) | X | X | |||||||||
35 | New material | X | X | |||||||||
36 | EDM | X | ||||||||||
37 | GPS | X | ||||||||||
38 | Distributed grid | X | ||||||||||
39 | Proximity equipment safety technology | X | ||||||||||
40 | Realtime audio translation | X | ||||||||||
41 | Smart materials | X | ||||||||||
42 | Smart vehicles and equipment | X | ||||||||||
43 | Supercomputing | X | ||||||||||
44 | TLS—Terrestrial laser scanning | X | ||||||||||
45 | Horizontal and vertical system integration | X | ||||||||||
46 | Product-lifecycle management (PLM) | X |
Appendix B
Competencies/Skill | References | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[45] | [46] | [50] | [51] | ||
1 | Communication | X | X | X | X |
2 | Problem-solving | X | X | X | X |
3 | Learning agility/active learning | X | X | X | |
4 | Critical thinking | X | X | X | |
5 | Team building/collaboration | X | X | X | X |
6 | Programming/coding | X | X | X | |
7 | Digital literacy | X | X | X | |
8 | Persuasion | X | X | ||
9 | Social perceptiveness/relationship | X | X | ||
10 | Strategy plan development | X | X | ||
11 | Decision making | X | X | ||
12 | Leadership | X | |||
13 | Active listening | X | |||
14 | Ethical | X | |||
15 | Trust-building | X | |||
16 | Financial management | X | |||
17 | Talent management | X | |||
18 | Resource allocation | X | |||
19 | Empowerment/encouragement | X | |||
20 | Visioning | X | |||
21 | Environmental scanning | X | |||
22 | Partnership development/coordination | X | |||
23 | Tolerance to failure | X | |||
24 | Gathering information | X | |||
25 | Purpose-oriented | X | |||
27 | Cyber security | X | |||
28 | Human–machine communication | X | |||
30 | Capacity to change, adapt, and evolve | X | |||
31 | Knowledge of BIM | X | |||
32 | Control the manufacturing and assembly processes | X | |||
33 | Cost and quality control | X | |||
34 | Time management | X |
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Technologies/Processes | Keyword Frequency | n. Articles/Year | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023/06 | Total | |||
1 | BIM | 48 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 16 |
2 | Cyber-physical systems | 18 | - | - | - | 1 | - | 3 |
3 | Internet of Things (IoT) | 18 | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
4 | Automation | 17 | - | 1 | 1 | 5 | - | 7 |
5 | Robotics/industrial robot | 15 | - | - | 2 | 3 | 1 | 6 |
6 | Cybersecurity | 13 | - | - | 3 | 3 | - | 6 |
7 | Learning systems/deep learning | 12 | - | - | - | - | 2 | 2 |
8 | 3D printing | 12 | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | 3 |
9 | Digital twins | 11 | - | - | 5 | 2 | 1 | 8 |
10 | Embedded systems | 11 | - | - | - | - | - | 0 |
11 | Machine learning | 11 | - | 1 | 2 | - | 1 | 4 |
12 | Artificial intelligence | 9 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 3 |
13 | Augmented reality | 7 | - | 1 | 2 | - | - | 3 |
14 | Big data/digital storage | 7 | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
15 | Virtual reality | 7 | - | - | - | 3 | 2 | 5 |
16 | Blockchain | 4 | - | - | - | 2 | - | 2 |
17 | Drones | 4 | - | 1 | - | 2 | - | 4 |
18 | Sensor | 4 | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 |
19 | Terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) | 4 | - | - | - | 2 | - | 2 |
20 | Photogrammetry | 3 | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
21 | Prefabrication/Modular construction | 3 | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
The total number of articles focusing on each technology | 82 |
Cluster 1—Red | Cluster 2—Green | Cluster 3—Blue |
---|---|---|
BIM | Construction 4.0/Construction Industry | Automation |
3D printing | construction projects | AI |
AR | Cyber-physical systems | Internet of Things (IoT) |
Digital twins | cyber security | Machine learning |
VR | Robotic | Deep learning |
Building/Construction | digital technologies/digitalization | Learning systems |
Architectural design | embedded systems | Big data |
Industry 4.0/industrial revolutions | life cycle | Project management |
Lean construction | Risk assessment | Construction management |
Sustainability/sustainable development |
Technology Group | Technologies | Applications | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Planning | Design | Construction | Operations | ||
AI-assisted technologies | Artificial intelligence Blockchain/big data Machine learning Deep learning/Learning systems Cybersecurity Cloud computing | Feasibility analysis smart contracts | Architectural and structural design | Smart contracts, supply chain, financial flow, equipment management, labor management. | Labor management, building management, and durability monitoring. |
Advanced manufacturing | Robotics automation Unmanned vehicles 3D printers Internet of Things (IoT) | Site assessment and reconnaissance using drones | Loading material, dangerous tasks, pre-fabrication construction, producing concrete, steel, and wood components. | ||
Smart tools | Internet of Things (IoT) Embedded systems Radiofrequency identification (RFID) QR code | Construction site management, control, location, and quality control of materials, equipment, supply, and workers. | Real-time operation and monitoring in use (vibration, deformation/displacements). | ||
Digital simulation and visualization | BIM Virtual reality Augmented reality Digital twins CPS | digitalization, architectural and structural design, management | Construction monitoring in real-time. | Operation monitoring in real-time. | |
Data acquisition and detection | GIS/GPS Laser Scanner RFID Photogrammetry Sensors Drones (IoT) | Data acquisition | Site construction monitoring. | Operation monitoring. Smart home/smart building. |
Personal/Interpersonal Skills | Technical Skills |
---|---|
Communication | Digital Literacy |
Teamwork | Programming/coding |
Problem-solving | Data analysis and management |
Critical thinking | Management (construction, manufactory, human and natural resources) |
Leadership | Planning (construction, manufactory, human and natural resources) |
Resilience | Automation processes |
Decision making | BIM process |
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Souza, A.S.C.d.; Debs, L. Identifying Emerging Technologies and Skills Required for Construction 4.0. Buildings 2023, 13, 2535. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102535
Souza ASCd, Debs L. Identifying Emerging Technologies and Skills Required for Construction 4.0. Buildings. 2023; 13(10):2535. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102535
Chicago/Turabian StyleSouza, Alex Sander Clemente de, and Luciana Debs. 2023. "Identifying Emerging Technologies and Skills Required for Construction 4.0" Buildings 13, no. 10: 2535. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102535