Factors Affecting Workplace Well-Being: Building Construction Projects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Well-Being in Construction Industry
2.2. Mental Health of Construcrion Workers
2.3. Knowledge Gaps
3. Methodology
3.1. Survey Development
3.1.1. Systematic Literature Review
3.1.2. Interview
3.1.3. Survey Design
3.1.4. Pilot Test
3.2. Data Collection
4. Data Analysis
4.1. Data Reliability
4.2. Mean Ranking Technique with Normalization Method
4.3. Kruskal–Wallis Test
4.4. Overlap Analysis
5. Results
5.1. Results of Mean Ranking Analysis
5.2. Results of Kruskal–Wallis Test
5.3. Results of Overlap Analysis
6. Discussions
6.1. Project Progress (WF6)
6.2. Workers’ Welfare (WF12)
6.3. Planning of the Project (WF13)
6.4. Timeline of Salary Payment (WF15)
6.5. Working Hours (WF19)
6.6. Salary Package (WF14)
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. The Questionnaire Survey Used in This Study
Appendix A.1. Respondent’s Profile
- Client (e.g., government, developers)
- Consultant
- Contractor
- Others: __________
- Less than 2 years
- 2–5 years
- 6–9 years
- More than 10 years
- High-rise building construction
- Non-high-rise building construction
- Small-medium enterprises
- Large enterprises
Appendix A.2. Factors Affecting Workplace Well-Being in Building Construction Projects
Factors | Criticality | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factors affecting workplace well-being in random order using online survey platform | Not Critical | Slightly Critical | Moderately Critical | Critical | Not Critical |
Not Critical | Slightly Critical | Moderately Critical | Critical | Not Critical | |
Not Critical | Slightly Critical | Moderately Critical | Critical | Not Critical | |
Not Critical | Slightly Critical | Moderately Critical | Critical | Not Critical | |
Not Critical | Slightly Critical | Moderately Critical | Critical | Not Critical |
Additional Factors | Criticality | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Additional factors to be added by survey respondents | Not Critical | Slightly Critical | Moderately Critical | Critical | Not Critical |
Not Critical | Slightly Critical | Moderately Critical | Critical | Not Critical | |
Not Critical | Slightly Critical | Moderately Critical | Critical | Not Critical |
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Code | Factors Affecting Workplace Well-Being | Sources |
---|---|---|
WF1 | Communication between workers | Interview, [44,45,46,47,48,49,50] |
WF2 | General safety and health monitoring | Interview, [46,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59] |
WF3 | Employee work monitoring | [49,58] |
WF4 | Worker facilities | Interview, [46] |
WF5 | Collaboration between top management and employee | Interview |
WF6 | Project progress | Interview, [50,55,57] |
WF7 | Food at the rest area | [51] |
WF8 | Comfort at the rest area | [51] |
WF9 | Workload | Interview, [47,56,58,60] |
WF10 | Insurance for construction worker | Interview |
WF11 | Project leadership | [56,57,59,60,61] |
WF12 | Workers’ welfare | Interview, [48] |
WF13 | Planning of the project | Interview |
WF14 | Salary package | Interview, [62] |
WF15 | Timeline of salary payment | Interview, [62] |
WF16 | Relationship between top management and employees | [56,59,61,63] |
WF17 | Transportation facilities for construction workers | Interview, [46] |
WF18 | Working environment | [50,53,58] |
WF19 | Working hours | Interview, [48,49,50,56,58,61,64] |
Characteristics | Categories | Frequency | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Type of organization | Contractor | 148 | 72.2 |
Client | 14 | 6.8 | |
Consultant | 43 | 21.0 | |
Years of experience in construction industry | Less than 2 years | 30 | 14.6 |
2–5 years | 92 | 44.9 | |
6–9 years | 41 | 20.0 | |
More than 10 years | 42 | 20.5 | |
Organization sizes | Small-medium enterprises | 50 | 24.4 |
Large enterprises | 155 | 75.6 | |
Types of projects involved | High-rise construction | 96 | 46.8 |
Non-high-rise construction | 109 | 53.2 |
Code | All Respondents | LE | SME | K-W Test | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Rank | NV | Mean | SD | NV | Mean | SD | NV | ||
WF14 | 3.517 | 1.227 | 1 | 1.000 a | 3.581 | 1.237 | 0.857 a | 3.320 | 1.186 | 1.000 a | 0.152 |
WF19 | 3.498 | 1.263 | 2 | 0.930 a | 3.574 | 1.243 | 0.833 a | 3.260 | 1.306 | 0.857 a | 0.127 |
WF6 | 3.488 | 1.263 | 3 | 0.895 a | 3.574 | 1.227 | 0.833 a | 3.220 | 1.345 | 0.762 a | 0.097 |
WF13 | 3.463 | 1.254 | 4 | 0.807 a | 3.581 | 1.211 | 0.857 a | 3.100 | 1.329 | 0.476 | 0.017 * |
WF12 | 3.459 | 1.186 | 5 | 0.789 a | 3.619 | 1.118 | 1.000 a | 2.960 | 1.261 | 0.143 | 0.001 * |
WF16 | 3.429 | 1.233 | 6 | 0.684 a | 3.535 | 1.213 | 0.690 a | 3.100 | 1.249 | 0.476 | 0.031 * |
WF15 | 3.424 | 1.291 | 7 | 0.667 a | 3.484 | 1.271 | 0.500 | 3.240 | 1.349 | 0.810 a | 0.223 |
WF18 | 3.420 | 1.204 | 8 | 0.649 a | 3.548 | 1.152 | 0.738 a | 3.020 | 1.286 | 0.286 | 0.007 * |
WF3 | 3.415 | 1.232 | 9 | 0.632 a | 3.535 | 1.202 | 0.690 a | 3.040 | 1.261 | 0.333 | 0.014 * |
WF1 | 3.415 | 1.291 | 10 | 0.632 a | 3.548 | 1.244 | 0.738 a | 3.000 | 1.355 | 0.238 | 0.009 * |
WF10 | 3.410 | 1.200 | 11 | 0.614 a | 3.542 | 1.158 | 0.714 a | 3.000 | 1.245 | 0.238 | 0.012 * |
WF2 | 3.410 | 1.236 | 12 | 0.614 a | 3.490 | 1.213 | 0.524 | 3.160 | 1.283 | 0.619 a | 0.097 |
WF5 | 3.410 | 1.236 | 13 | 0.614 a | 3.452 | 1.244 | 0.381 | 3.280 | 1.213 | 0.905 a | 0.316 |
WF11 | 3.410 | 1.313 | 14 | 0.614 a | 3.523 | 1.276 | 0.643 a | 3.060 | 1.376 | 0.381 | 0.042 * |
WF4 | 3.312 | 1.245 | 15 | 0.263 | 3.432 | 1.217 | 0.310 | 2.940 | 1.268 | 0.095 | 0.013 * |
WF8 | 3.288 | 1.155 | 16 | 0.175 | 3.381 | 1.118 | 0.119 | 3.000 | 1.229 | 0.238 | 0.052 |
WF17 | 3.283 | 1.191 | 17 | 0.158 | 3.394 | 1.165 | 0.167 | 2.940 | 1.219 | 0.095 | 0.020 * |
WF7 | 3.239 | 1.123 | 18 | 0.000 | 3.348 | 1.102 | 0.000 | 2.900 | 1.129 | 0.000 | 0.014 * |
Code | High-Rise | Non-High-Rise | K–W Test | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | NV | Mean | SD | NV | ||
WF12 | 3.448 | 1.132 | 1.000 a | 3.468 | 1.237 | 0.500 | 0.814 |
WF6 | 3.417 | 1.270 | 0.903 a | 3.550 | 1.258 | 0.765 a | 0.384 |
WF14 | 3.396 | 1.294 | 0.839 a | 3.624 | 1.161 | 1.000 a | 0.247 |
WF10 | 3.375 | 1.225 | 0.774 a | 3.440 | 1.182 | 0.412 | 0.839 |
WF19 | 3.354 | 1.248 | 0.710 a | 3.624 | 1.268 | 1.000 a | 0.108 |
WF18 | 3.333 | 1.158 | 0.645 a | 3.495 | 1.244 | 0.588 | 0.312 |
WF13 | 3.333 | 1.311 | 0.645 a | 3.578 | 1.196 | 0.853 a | 0.177 |
WF3 | 3.313 | 1.225 | 0.581 | 3.505 | 1.237 | 0.618 a | 0.228 |
WF15 | 3.313 | 1.324 | 0.581 | 3.523 | 1.259 | 0.676 a | 0.275 |
WF16 | 3.302 | 1.249 | 0.548 | 3.541 | 1.214 | 0.735 a | 0.169 |
WF2 | 3.302 | 1.258 | 0.548 | 3.505 | 1.214 | 0.618 a | 0.215 |
WF11 | 3.302 | 1.315 | 0.548 | 3.505 | 1.310 | 0.618 a | 0.229 |
WF1 | 3.292 | 1.289 | 0.516 | 3.523 | 1.288 | 0.676 a | 0.154 |
WF5 | 3.229 | 1.227 | 0.323 | 3.569 | 1.228 | 0.824 a | 0.044 * |
WF4 | 3.219 | 1.258 | 0.290 | 3.394 | 1.232 | 0.265 | 0.303 |
WF8 | 3.177 | 1.152 | 0.161 | 3.385 | 1.154 | 0.235 | 0.190 |
WF7 | 3.156 | 1.108 | 0.097 | 3.312 | 1.136 | 0.000 | 0.232 |
WF17 | 3.125 | 1.136 | 0.000 | 3.422 | 1.227 | 0.353 | 0.057 |
Code | Contractor | Client | Consultant | K–W Test | Mann–Whitney | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | NV | Mean | SD | NV | Mean | SD | NV | |||
WF14 | 3.628 | 1.180 | 1.000 a | 2.643 | 1.550 | 0.429 | 3.419 | 1.180 | 0.556 | 0.039 * | Cont–Cli |
WF19 | 3.561 | 1.191 | 0.787 a | 2.571 | 1.555 | 0.286 | 3.581 | 1.314 | 0.944 a | 0.046 * | Cont–Cli |
WF12 | 3.547 | 1.145 | 0.745 a | 2.786 | 1.369 | 0.714 a | 3.372 | 1.215 | 0.444 | 0.070 | - |
WF6 | 3.547 | 1.208 | 0.745 a | 2.786 | 1.477 | 0.714 a | 3.512 | 1.334 | 0.778 a | 0.135 | - |
WF15 | 3.514 | 1.237 | 0.638 a | 2.429 | 1.555 | 0.000 | 3.442 | 1.278 | 0.611 a | 0.023 * | Cont–Cli |
WF13 | 3.507 | 1.204 | 0.617 a | 2.571 | 1.555 | 0.286 | 3.605 | 1.237 | 1.000 a | 0.037 | - |
WF2 | 3.500 | 1.103 | 0.596 | 2.571 | 1.505 | 0.286 | 3.372 | 1.480 | 0.444 | 0.048 * | Cont–Cli |
WF10 | 3.500 | 1.134 | 0.596 | 2.643 | 1.598 | 0.429 | 3.349 | 1.213 | 0.389 | 0.091 | - |
WF5 | 3.493 | 1.175 | 0.574 | 2.571 | 1.555 | 0.286 | 3.395 | 1.256 | 0.500 | 0.059 | - |
WF16 | 3.493 | 1.175 | 0.574 | 2.571 | 1.604 | 0.286 | 3.488 | 1.222 | 0.722 a | 0.080 | - |
WF18 | 3.486 | 1.116 | 0.553 | 2.500 | 1.557 | 0.143 | 3.488 | 1.279 | 0.722 a | 0.032 * | Cont–Cli |
WF3 | 3.453 | 1.168 | 0.447 | 2.714 | 1.490 | 0.571 | 3.512 | 1.316 | 0.778 a | 0.117 | - |
WF11 | 3.453 | 1.253 | 0.447 | 2.714 | 1.541 | 0.571 | 3.488 | 1.404 | 0.722 a | 0.162 | - |
WF1 | 3.432 | 1.279 | 0.383 | 2.929 | 1.385 | 1.000 a | 3.512 | 1.298 | 0.778 a | 0.364 | - |
WF8 | 3.399 | 1.099 | 0.277 | 2.429 | 1.399 | 0.000 | 3.186 | 1.160 | 0.000 | 0.019 * | Cont–Cli |
WF4 | 3.399 | 1.177 | 0.277 | 2.643 | 1.277 | 0.429 | 3.233 | 1.411 | 0.111 | 0.076 | - |
WF7 | 3.311 | 1.106 | 0.000 | 2.571 | 1.284 | 0.286 | 3.209 | 1.081 | 0.056 | 0.064 | - |
WF17 | 3.311 | 1.142 | 0.000 | 2.714 | 1.326 | 0.571 | 3.372 | 1.291 | 0.444 | 0.203 | - |
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Rani, H.A.; Radzi, A.R.; Alias, A.R.; Almutairi, S.; Rahman, R.A. Factors Affecting Workplace Well-Being: Building Construction Projects. Buildings 2022, 12, 910. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070910
Rani HA, Radzi AR, Alias AR, Almutairi S, Rahman RA. Factors Affecting Workplace Well-Being: Building Construction Projects. Buildings. 2022; 12(7):910. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070910
Chicago/Turabian StyleRani, Hafnidar A., Afiqah R. Radzi, Ahmad Rizal Alias, Saud Almutairi, and Rahimi A. Rahman. 2022. "Factors Affecting Workplace Well-Being: Building Construction Projects" Buildings 12, no. 7: 910. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070910
APA StyleRani, H. A., Radzi, A. R., Alias, A. R., Almutairi, S., & Rahman, R. A. (2022). Factors Affecting Workplace Well-Being: Building Construction Projects. Buildings, 12(7), 910. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070910