Organization Synchronization in Response to Complex Project Delays: Network-Based Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Construction Delay Factors
Sources | Factors | [3] | [20] | [21] | [22] | [23] | [24] | [25] | [26] | [27] | [31] | [31] | [32] | [33] | [34] | [35] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clients | Prominent problems of land expropriation | √ | ||||||||||||||
Slow decisions by clients | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||
Design alterations by clients | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||
Unreasonable timelines by clients | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||
Delayed payments | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||
Deferred transmission of the construction site | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||
Supply problems from clients | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||
Improper financing | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||
Contractors | Safety accidents | √ | √ | |||||||||||||
Improper organizational construction design | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||
Limited capability of project managers | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||
Lack of labor or unqualified labor | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
Machinery breakdowns | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||
Disharmony with neighbors | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||
Designers | Lack of communication between designers and contractors | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||
Incorrect design basis | ||||||||||||||||
Supervisors | Incompetent supervision | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
Conflicts with designers | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||
Financial institutions | High financial risk | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Governments | Unreasonable government intervention | √ | ||||||||||||||
Variations in law and regulations | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||
Lack of supervisory strength | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||
External factors | Dangerous environment and terrible weather | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||
Excavation of relics | ||||||||||||||||
International transportation of materials, machines, and labor | ||||||||||||||||
Rising prices | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Cultural influences | √ |
2.2. Organizational Synchronization in Complex Projects
3. Methodology
3.1. Research Framework
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Statistical Analysis
3.4. Network Parameters
4. Case Study
4.1. Network Nodes and Links
4.2. Parameter Analysis
4.2.1. Network Synchronizability Analysis
4.2.2. Key Construction Delay Factors
4.2.3. Signal Organizations in Synchronization
4.2.4. Effective Interactions in Organization Synchronization
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Interactions | Content |
---|---|
Written interactions | Investigation data, survey data, design drawings and instructions, engineering calculations, contracts, rules and regulations, organizational construction designs, situation reports, original records, statistics charts, reports, and letters [49]. |
Oral interactions | Oral task assignments, instructions, oral reports, inspections of work, introductions, negotiations, suggestions, criticism, discussions, and studies [50,51]. |
Technical interactions | Internet, telephone, telegraph, computer, TV, video recording, sound recording, and radio [52]. |
Meetings | Site meetings, supervision meetings, and expert meetings [53]. |
CDFs | Rank | Mean | NV 1 | CDFs | Rank | Mean | NV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prominent problems of land expropriation | 1 | 4.06 | 1.00 | Incorrect design basis | 15 | 3.56 | 0.50 |
Safety accidents | 2 | 3.93 | 0.87 | Lack of labor or unqualified labor | 16 | 3.53 | 0.47 |
Slow decisions by clients | 3 | 3.92 | 0.86 | Bad weather | 17 | 3.5 | 0.44 |
Design alterations by clients | 4 | 3.89 | 0.83 | Excavation of relics | 18 | 3.47 | 0.41 |
Unreasonable timelines by clients | 5 | 3.85 | 0.79 | Variations in laws and regulations | 19 | 3.46 | 0.40 |
Improper organizational construction design | 6 | 3.77 | 0.71 | Incompetent supervision | 20 | 3.42 | 0.36 |
Delayed payments | 7 | 3.75 | 0.69 | International transportation of materials, machines, and labor | 21 | 3.4 | 0.34 |
Unreasonable government intervention | 8 | 3.75 | 0.69 | Rising prices | 22 | 3.35 | 0.29 |
High financial risk | 9 | 3.71 | 0.65 | Machinery breakdowns | 23 | 3.34 | 0.28 |
Deferred transmission of the construction site | 10 | 3.7 | 0.64 | Conflicts with designers | 24 | 3.25 | 0.19 |
Limited capability of project managers | 11 | 3.69 | 0.63 | Disharmony with neighbors | 25 | 3.19 | 0.13 |
Supply problems from clients | 12 | 3.66 | 0.60 | Lack of supervisory strength | 26 | 3.17 | 0.11 |
Lack of communication between designers and contractors | 13 | 3.6 | 0.54 | Cultural influences | 27 | 3.06 | 0.00 |
Improper financing | 14 | 3.58 | 0.52 |
Parameters of Complex Network | Explanation | |
---|---|---|
Network overview | Density | Measures the network’s cohesiveness. |
Average path length | The average distance between all node pairs. | |
Clustering coefficient | Gauges the aggregation of networks. The larger it is, the more connected the network is. | |
Modularity | Measures the density between communities. | |
Node parameters | Eigenvector centrality | Regards nodes around nodes with a high degree of eigenvector centrality as key nodes. |
Betweenness centrality | Measures the extent to which a vertex plays a bridging role [79]. | |
Closeness centrality | Measures each node’s position in the network and means the inverse of the average distance to others in some cases [79]. | |
Degree centrality | Counts the total number of connections linked to a node [79]. | |
Degree | The weighted sum of edges for a node [80]. |
Organizations | Coding | CDFs | Coding | Interactions | Coding |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Financial institutions | F | Prominent problems of land expropriation | Delay 1 | Oral task assignment | Inf1 |
Clients | B | Safety accidents | Delay 2 | Giving instructions | Inf2 |
Contractors | C (1~14) | Slow decisions by clients | Delay 3 | Oral reports | Inf3 |
Designers | D (1~3) | Design alterations by clients | Delay 4 | Inspections of work | Inf4 |
Supervisors | S (1~10) | Unreasonable timelines by clients | Delay 5 | Discussions and studies | Inf5 |
Material suppliers | M (1~13) | Improper construction organizational designs | Delay 6 | Meetings | Inf6 |
Governments | G | Delayed payments | Delay 7 | Letters | Inf7 |
Operation units | O | Unreasonable government intervention | Delay 8 | The Internet | Inf8 |
Investors | I(G) | Huge financial risk | Delay 9 | Telephone | Inf9 |
Public | P (1~7) | Deferred transmission of the construction site | Delay 10 | Telegraph | Inf10 |
Limited capability of project managers | Delay 11 | ||||
Supply problems from clients | Delay 12 | ||||
Lack of communication between designers and contractors | Delay 13 | ||||
Improper financing | Delay 14 | ||||
Incorrect design basis | Delay 15 |
Nodes | … | |||
… | … | |||
… | ||||
… | … | … | … | |
… |
Network Model | Clustering Coefficient | Density | Average Path Length | Modularity |
---|---|---|---|---|
IO network | 0.566 | 0.307 | 1.693 | 0.164 |
OCDF network | 0 | 0.045 | 1 | 0.284 |
OIW network before the delay | 0 | 0.128 | 1 | 0.071 |
OIW network after the delay | 0 | 0.123 | 1 | 0.105 |
CDFs | Rank | Betweenness Centrality | Closeness Centrality | Degree Centrality | Eigenvector Centrality | Degree |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delay2 | 1 | 0.175 | 0.714 | 0.51 | 0.464 | 26 |
Delay1 | 2 | 0.082 | 0.604 | 0.373 | 0.365 | 19 |
Delay5 | 3 | 0.036 | 0.567 | 0.353 | 0.399 | 18 |
Delay6 | 4 | 0.076 | 0.579 | 0.333 | 0.321 | 13 |
Delay7 | 5 | 0.075 | 0.534 | 0.294 | 0.309 | 17 |
Delay9 | 6 | 0.035 | 0.556 | 0.294 | 0.309 | 4 |
Delay12 | 6 | 0.015 | 0.514 | 0.255 | 0.321 | 13 |
Delay13 | 8 | 0.015 | 0.514 | 0.255 | 0.309 | 13 |
Delay11 | 9 | 0.005 | 0 | 0.078 | 0.321 | 15 |
Delay14 | 10 | 0 | 0.426 | 0.294 | 0.303 | 15 |
Delay10 | 11 | 0.003 | 0.426 | 0.078 | 0.044 | 4 |
Delay3 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Delay4 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Delay8 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Delay15 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Nodes | Rank | Degree | Betweenness Centrality | Closeness Centrality | Degree Centrality | Eigenvector Centrality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inf1 | 4 | 32.12 | 0.086 | 1 | 1 | 0.332 |
Inf2 | 5 | 30 | 0.086 | 1 | 1 | 0.322 |
Inf3 | 1 | 36.41 | 0.086 | 1 | 1 | 0.392 |
Inf4 | 8 | 29.34 | 0.044 | 0.726 | 0.745 | 0.336 |
Inf5 | 6 | 28.81 | 0.086 | 1 | 1 | 0.309 |
Inf6 | 3 | 34.75 | 0.086 | 1 | 1 | 0.358 |
Inf7 | 7 | 23.92 | 0.086 | 1 | 1 | 0.271 |
Inf8 | 9 | 28.76 | 0.082 | 0.972 | 0.980 | 0.294 |
Inf9 | 2 | 35.41 | 0.086 | 1 | 1 | 0.367 |
Inf10 | 10 | 3.26 | 0.017 | 0.570 | 0.490 | 0.035 |
Nodes | Rank | Degree | Eigenvector Centrality | Betweenness Centrality | Degree Centrality | Closeness Centrality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inf1 | 7 | 17.15 | 0.211 | 0.049 | 0.784 | 0.758 |
Inf2 | 4 | 26.97 | 0.334 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Inf3 | 2 | 36.17 | 0.447 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Inf4 | 9 | 13.89 | 0.167 | 0.049 | 0.784 | 0.758 |
Inf5 | 3 | 32.36 | 0.402 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Inf6 | 1 | 44.21 | 0.549 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Inf7 | 8 | 15.19 | 0.187 | 0.049 | 0.784 | 0.758 |
Inf8 | 6 | 18.39 | 0.226 | 0.096 | 0.980 | 0.972 |
Inf9 | 5 | 20.99 | 0.255 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Inf10 | 10 | 3.73 | 0.046 | 0.016 | 0.471 | 0.561 |
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Yang, L.; Hu, X.; Zhao, X. Organization Synchronization in Response to Complex Project Delays: Network-Based Analysis. Buildings 2022, 12, 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050662
Yang L, Hu X, Zhao X. Organization Synchronization in Response to Complex Project Delays: Network-Based Analysis. Buildings. 2022; 12(5):662. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050662
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Lin, Xinran Hu, and Xianbo Zhao. 2022. "Organization Synchronization in Response to Complex Project Delays: Network-Based Analysis" Buildings 12, no. 5: 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050662