An Experimental Investigation on the Effects of Limestone Fines in Manufactured Sands on the Performance of Magnesia Ammonium Phosphate Mortar
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
- Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Cement (MAPC)
- Manufactured Limestone Sand
2.2. Preparation of MAPC Mortar
2.3. Properties of MAPC Mortar with Limestone Sand
- The Properties of Fresh Mortar
- Mechanical Strength
- Volume Stability
- Hydration Temperature
- Microstructure Analysis
3. Results and Discission
3.1. Properties of Fresh MAPC Mortar
3.2. Volume Stability of MAPC Mortar with Limestone Sand
3.3. Hydration Temperature of MAPC
3.4. Mechanical Strength of MAPC
3.5. Microstructure Analysis
- MIP
- TGA
- XRD
- SEM
4. Conclusions
- Limestone fines are the key factor that influences the properties of MAPC mortar. The MAPC mortar prepared by manufactured sands without limestone fines showed comparable properties with the one prepared by quartz sands.
- The limestone fines (<0.075mm) of manufactured sands caused an intense bubbling phenomenon and significant volume expansion in the system of MAPC before hardening. The higher the content of limestone fines, the larger the volume expansion. It is noted that the volume expansion occurred only before hardening while the volume of hardened MAPC mortar remained stable in the long term.
- As the content of limestone fines increased, the MAPC mortar showed decreased fluidity. The limestone fines also showed an acceleration effect on the hydration of MAPC mortar at early age. As a result, the setting time of MAPC mortar became shorter, especially with a higher content (>15%) of limestone fines. TGA results confirmed that more struvite was generated in MAPC mortar with limestone fines.
- The limestone fines showed significant negative effects on the mechanical strength of MAPC mortar, especially for the compressive strength. As the content of limestone fines increased from 0 to 20%, the compressive strength at 28 days decreased by 31.8%. By contrast, the development of flexural strength was less affected by the limestone fines.
- According to MIP results, the incorporation of limestone fines led to increased porosity of MAPC mortar due to the bubbling reaction, thus decreasing the mechanical strength.
- Based on the microstructure analysis, including TGA, XRD, and SEM, it is inferred that the bubbling phenomenon was mainly caused by the reaction between limestone fines (CaCO3) and NH4H2PO4 (ADP), which generated NH3 and CO2 gases. This reaction mainly occurred during a short period before setting. Most limestone fines were not involved in the hydration process of MAPC and remained unreactive in the hardened MAPC matrix.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Phase 1 (Temperature Range 60–150 °C) | Phase 2 (Temperature Range 150–300 °C) | Phase 3 (Temperature Range 700–760 °C) |
---|---|---|---|
0% LS-1 h | 6.98 | 4.22 | / |
0% LS-3 d | 7.08 | 4.02 | / |
0% LS-28 d | 12.80 | 3.00 | / |
20% LS-1 h | 9.47 | 2.93 | 6.19 |
20% LS-3 d | 10.09 | 2.33 | 6.24 |
20% LS-28 d | 10.40 | 2.01 | 6.38 |
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Mao, W.; Cao, C.; Li, X.; Qian, J.; Dang, Y. An Experimental Investigation on the Effects of Limestone Fines in Manufactured Sands on the Performance of Magnesia Ammonium Phosphate Mortar. Buildings 2022, 12, 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020249
Mao W, Cao C, Li X, Qian J, Dang Y. An Experimental Investigation on the Effects of Limestone Fines in Manufactured Sands on the Performance of Magnesia Ammonium Phosphate Mortar. Buildings. 2022; 12(2):249. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020249
Chicago/Turabian StyleMao, Wenting, Chunpeng Cao, Xincheng Li, Jueshi Qian, and Yudong Dang. 2022. "An Experimental Investigation on the Effects of Limestone Fines in Manufactured Sands on the Performance of Magnesia Ammonium Phosphate Mortar" Buildings 12, no. 2: 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020249