Experimental Investigation of Indoor Thermal Comfort under Different Heating Conditions in Winter
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Literature Review and Problem Statement for the Work
1.2. Objectives and Significance for the Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Facility
2.2. Experimental Design
2.2.1. Subjects
2.2.2. Subjective Questionnaire
2.2.3. Measurement Parameters and Instruments
2.3. Test Procedure
2.4. Data Processing
3. Results
3.1. Outdoor Air Parameters
3.2. Indoor Environmental Parameters
3.3. Subjective Thermal Responses
Humidity Sensation Vote (HSV)
3.4. Thermal Comfort Analysis
3.4.1. Linear Regression
3.4.2. Acceptable Temperature Range
3.4.3. Thermal Comfort Temperature Using the Griffith Method
3.5. Local Thermal Sensation
4. Discussion
4.1. Analysis of Subjective and Objective Results
4.2. Analyses of Thermal Neutral Temperature and Thermal Comfort Temperature Range
4.3. Limitation and Future Challenge
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Different heating terminals have different operating methods and working principles. When both convection and radiation terminals operate continuously, the impact of an unstable indoor thermal environment on human thermal comfort caused by convection terminals cannot be ignored. In winter, the radiant floor heating and thermal neutral temperature of wall-mounted air-conditioner heating are 21.97 °C and 22.92 °C, respectively; the acceptable temperature ranges are 18.79–23.72 °C and 20.1–25.93 °C, respectively.
- (2)
- The overall thermal sensation under radiant conditions is more closely related to the local thermal sensation, which is evident in the skin temperature. The general thermal sensation under convective conditions has a weaker relationship with the local thermal sensation, and thermal comfort is associated with the stability of environmental factors, such as air velocity, temperature, and relative humidity.
- (3)
- During winter heating, natural ventilation, controllable radiant heating terminals, or distributed air supply systems can be used to provide residents with better thermal environment management to increase occupant comfort and lower energy use for heating.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Terminal Type | Location | Thermal Comfort Range | |
---|---|---|---|
Zhang et al. [15] | Split Air-conditioners | Guangzhou | 16.9–34.2 °C (80%); 20.6–30.5 °C (90%) |
Qun et al. [16] | Radiation floor heating | Suihua | 21.9–25.8 °C (80%) |
Mui et al. [17] | Air-conditioned | Hong Kong | 19.5–21.5 °C (90%) |
Xu et al. [18] | Split air conditioners | Nanjing Jiangsu | 8.1–25.6 °C (80%); 12.48–21.23 °C (90%) |
Central heating systems | Yangzhou, Jiangsu | 13.26–23.86 °C (80%); 15.91–21.21 °C (90%) | |
Sanjay et al. [19] | Natural ventilation | India | 22.7 °C |
Marina et al. [20] | Heating by air conditioning | Tokyo and Kanagawa | 23.5–26.6 °C (80%) |
Wu et al. [21] | Natural ventilation | Guangzhou | 23.3 °C |
Indraganti et al. [22] | Air-conditioned | Hyderabad, India | 27.0 °C |
Chennai, India | 26.1 °C |
Gender | Age (Year) | Height (cm) | Weight (kg) | Body Surface Area |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 21–25 | 171.2 (6.5) | 63.9 (10.3) | 1.75 (0.15) |
Female | 21–24 | 156.6 (4.9) | 44.6 (4.2) | 1.4 (0.08) |
Average | 21–25 | 163.9 (9.3) | 54.3 (12.4) | 1.58 (0.21) |
Subjective Perception | Subjective Vote | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TSV | Cold (−3) | Cool (−2) | Slightly cool (−1) | Neutral (0) | Slightly warm (1) | Warm (2) | Hot (3) |
HSV | Very dry (−3) | Dry (−2) | Slightly dry (−1) | Neutral (0) | Slightly wet (1) | Wet (2) | Very wet (3) |
Perception of air velocity | Very small (−3) | Small (−2) | Slightly small (−1) | Neutral (0) | Slightly big (1) | Big (2) | Very big (3) |
Satisfaction with temperature | Satisfaction | Dissatisfaction | |||||
Satisfaction with humidity | Satisfaction | Dissatisfaction | |||||
Satisfaction with air velocity | Satisfaction | Dissatisfaction | |||||
Temperature expectation | Prefer cooler | No change | Prefer warmer | ||||
Humidity expectation | Prefer dryer | No change | Prefer wetter | ||||
Air velocity expectation | Prefer smaller | No change | Prefer bigger |
Instrument | Type | Parameter | Measuring Range | Accuracy | Sampling Rate (s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thermal comfort level recorder | SSDZY-1 | Ta (°C) | −20–80 °C | ±0.3 °C | 30 s |
RH (%) | 0.01–99.9% RH | ±2% RH (10–90% RH) | 30 s | ||
Tg (°C) | −20–80 °C | ±0.3 °C | 30 s | ||
Temperature and humidity automatic recording instrument | WSZY-1 | Ta (°C) | −20–80 °C | ±0.3 °C | 30 s |
RH (%) | 0.01–99.9% RH | ±2% RH | 30 s | ||
Button-type thermometer | DS1922L | Tskin (°C) | −40–85 °C | ±0.5 °C | 30 s |
Recorder of temperature and wind speed that is wireless | WFWZY-1 | Va (m/s) | 0.05–5 m/s | 5% ± 0.05% m/s | 30 s |
Va | <0.2 m/s | 0.2–0.6 m/s | 0.6–1.0 m/s |
---|---|---|---|
A | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
Environmental Parameters | Minimum | Maximum | Average | Standard Deviation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Radiant floor heating | Ta (°C) | 11.74 | 34.74 | 26.68 | 4.22 |
RH (%) | 29.5 | 85.1 | 61.82 | 11.76 | |
Tg (°C) | 10.36 | 35.9 | 26.69 | 4.26 | |
Va (m/s) | 0 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.02 | |
Convection heating | Ta (°C) | 14.1 | 38.2 | 28.09 | 3.33 |
RH (%) | 15.9 | 77.2 | 47.73 | 12.94 | |
Tg (°C) | 16.3 | 43 | 28.21 | 3.4 | |
Va (m/s) | 0 | 0.89 | 0.12 | 0.13 |
Heating Condition | MTSV | Range |
---|---|---|
Radiant flood heating | −0.5–0.5 | 18.79–23.72 |
−1–1 | 16.32–26.19 | |
Convection heating | −0.5–0.5 | 20.1–25.93 |
−1–1 | 17.19–28.84 |
Heating Condition | N | σδTop | σ2δTop | b | badj | σ2ERR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Radiant | 1285 | 3.01 | 9.06 | 0.138 | 0.15 | 0.99 |
Convection | 1444 | 3.41 | 11.63 | 0.244 | 0.26 | 0.67 |
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Fang, Z.; Guo, Z.; Chen, W.; Wu, H.; Zheng, Z. Experimental Investigation of Indoor Thermal Comfort under Different Heating Conditions in Winter. Buildings 2022, 12, 2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122232
Fang Z, Guo Z, Chen W, Wu H, Zheng Z. Experimental Investigation of Indoor Thermal Comfort under Different Heating Conditions in Winter. Buildings. 2022; 12(12):2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122232
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang, Zhaosong, Zhisheng Guo, Weibin Chen, Huijun Wu, and Zhimin Zheng. 2022. "Experimental Investigation of Indoor Thermal Comfort under Different Heating Conditions in Winter" Buildings 12, no. 12: 2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122232